scholarly journals Maxi K+ channels and their relationship to the apical membrane conductance in Necturus gallbladder epithelium.

1990 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Segal ◽  
L Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Membrane Depolarization ◽  
Membrane Voltage ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Gallbladder Epithelium ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Necturus Gallbladder

Using the patch-clamp technique, we have identified large-conductance (maxi) K+ channels in the apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium, and in dissociated gallbladder epithelial cells. These channels are more than tenfold selective for K+ over Na+, and exhibit unitary conductance of approximately 200 pS in symmetric 100 mM KCl. They are activated by elevation of internal Ca2+ levels and membrane depolarization. The properties of these channels could account for the previously observed voltage and Ca2+ sensitivities of the macroscopic apical membrane conductance (Ga). Ga was determined as a function of apical membrane voltage, using intracellular microelectrode techniques. Its value was 180 microS/cm2 at the control membrane voltage of -68 mV, and increased steeply with membrane depolarization, reaching 650 microS/cm2 at -25 mV. We have related maxi K+ channel properties and Ga quantitatively, relying on the premise that at any apical membrane voltage Ga comprises a leakage conductance and a conductance due to maxi K+ channels. Comparison between Ga and maxi K+ channels reveals that the latter are present at a surface density of 0.09/microns 2, are open approximately 15% of the time under control conditions, and account for 17% of control Ga. Depolarizing the apical membrane voltage leads to a steep increase in channel steady-state open probability. When correlated with patch-clamp studies examining the Ca2+ and voltage dependencies of single maxi K+ channels, results from intracellular microelectrode experiments indicate that maxi K+ channel activity in situ is higher than predicted from the measured apical membrane voltage and estimated bulk cytosolic Ca2+ activity. Mechanisms that could account for this finding are proposed.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological effects of basolateral [Na+] in Necturus gallbladder epithelium.

1992 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
G A Altenberg ◽  
J S Stoddard ◽  
L Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Membrane Voltage ◽  
Gallbladder Epithelium ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Necturus Gallbladder ◽  
Electrophysiological Effects ◽  
Paracellular Diffusion ◽  
Cl Conductance

In Necturus gallbladder epithelium, lowering serosal [Na+] ([Na+]s) reversibly hyperpolarized the basolateral cell membrane voltage (Vcs) and reduced the fractional resistance of the apical membrane (fRa). Previous results have suggested that there is no sizable basolateral Na+ conductance and that there are apical Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels. Here, we studied the mechanisms of the electrophysiological effects of lowering [Na+]s, in particular the possibility that an elevation in intracellular free [Ca2+] hyperpolarizes Vcs by increasing gK+. When [Na+]s was reduced from 100.5 to 10.5 mM (tetramethylammonium substitution), Vcs hyperpolarized from -68 +/- 2 to a peak value of -82 +/- 2 mV (P less than 0.001), and fRa decreased from 0.84 +/- 0.02 to 0.62 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001). Addition of 5 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA+) to the mucosal solution reduced both the hyperpolarization of Vcs and the change in fRa, whereas serosal addition of TEA+ had no effect. Ouabain (10(-4) M, serosal side) produced a small depolarization of Vcs and reduced the hyperpolarization upon lowering [Na+]s, without affecting the decrease in fRa. The effects of mucosal TEA+ and serosal ouabain were additive. Neither amiloride (10(-5) or 10(-3) M) nor tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M) had any effects on Vcs or fRa or on their responses to lowering [Na+]s, suggesting that basolateral Na+ channels do not contribute to the control membrane voltage or to the hyperpolarization upon lowering [Na+]s. The basolateral membrane depolarization upon elevating [K+]s was increased transiently during the hyperpolarization of Vcs upon lowering [Na+]s. Since cable analysis experiments show that basolateral membrane resistance increased, a decrease in basolateral Cl- conductance (gCl-) is the main cause of the increased K+ selectivity. Lowering [Na+]s increases intracellular free [Ca2+], which may be responsible for the increase in the apical membrane TEA(+)-sensitive gK+. We conclude that the decrease in fRa by lowering [Na+]s is mainly caused by an increase in intracellular free [Ca2+], which activates TEA(+)-sensitive maxi K+ channels at the apical membrane and decreases apical membrane resistance. The hyperpolarization of Vcs is due to increase in: (a) apical membrane gK+, (b) the contribution of the Na+ pump to Vcs, (c) basolateral membrane K+ selectivity (decreased gCl-), and (d) intraepithelial current flow brought about by a paracellular diffusion potential.

Ba2+, TEA+, and quinine effects on apical membrane K+ conductance and maxi K+ channels in gallbladder epithelium

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (1) ◽  
pp. C56-C68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Segal ◽  
L. Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Gallbladder Epithelium ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Channel Currents

The apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium contains a voltage-activated K+ conductance [Ga(V)]. Large-conductance (maxi) K+ channels underlie Ga(V) and account for 17% of the membrane conductance (Ga) under control conditions. We examined the Ba2+, tetraethylammonium (TEA+), and quinine sensitivities of Ga and single maxi K+ channels. Mucosal Ba2+ addition decreased resting Ga in a concentration-dependent manner (65% block at 5 mM) and decreased Ga(V) in a concentration- and voltage-dependent manner. Mucosal TEA+ addition also decreased control Ga (60% reduction at 5 mM). TEA+ block of Ga(V) was more potent and less voltage dependent that Ba2+ block. Maxi K+ channels were blocked by external Ba2+ at millimolar levels and by external TEA+ at submillimolar levels. At 0.3 mM, quinine (mucosal addition) hyperpolarized the cell membranes by 6 mV and reduced the fractional apical membrane resistance by 50%, suggesting activation of an apical membrane K+ conductance. At 1 mM, quinine both activated and blocked K(+)-conductive pathways. Quinine blocked maxi K+ channel currents at submillimolar concentrations. We conclude that 1) Ba2+ and TEA+ block maxi K+ channels and other K+ channels underlying resting Ga; 2) parallels between the Ba2+ and TEA+ sensitivities of Ga(V) and maxi K+ channels support a role for these channels in Ga(V); and 3) quinine has multiple effects on K(+)-conductive pathways in gallbladder epithelium, which are only partially explained by block of apical membrane maxi K+ channels.

Artifactual expression of maxi-K+ channels in basolateral membrane of gallbladder epithelial cells

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. C1128-C1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Copello ◽  
F. Wehner ◽  
L. Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Gallbladder Epithelium ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Necturus Gallbladder ◽  
Apical Side

To patch clamp the basolateral cell membrane, sheets of Necturus gallbladder epithelium were stripped of the subepithelial tissue layers and affixed apical side down on cover slips coated with Cell-Tak [F. Wehner, L. Garretson, K. Dawson, Y. Segal, and L. Reuss. Am. J. Physiol. 258 (Cell Physiol. 27): C1159-C1164, 1990]. In 90% of the patches we observed K+ channels identical to the maxi-K+ channels previously demonstrated in the apical membrane (Y. Segal and L. Reuss. J. Gen. Physiol. 95: 791-818, 1990). To ascertain whether these channels were present in the native tissue, we carried out intracellular-microelectrode studies. We tested for activation of basolateral membrane K+ conductance by depolarization or by elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and for tetraethylammonium sensitivity of the basolateral membrane voltage and fractional resistance. The results were negative, indicating that maxi-K+ channels are not expressed in the basolateral membrane of the "intact" epithelium. Using the same intracellular-microelectrode protocol on the apical membrane, we demonstrated the presence of an apical K+ conductance attributable to maxi-K+ channels. Additional experiments revealed a Ba(2+)-sensitive basolateral K+ conductance in the native epithelium. We conclude that in the stripped preparation there is artifactual expression of maxi-K+ channels. In addition, the native basolateral membrane K+ channels either are not expressed in this preparation or have a low conductance and cannot be discerned from the background noise.

Two types of K+ channel in thick ascending limb of rat kidney

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. F599-F605 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Channel Activity ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Inside Out

We have used the patch-clamp technique to study the apical K+ channels in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of the rat kidney. Two types of K+ channels, a low-conductance and an intermediate-conductance K+ channel, were identified in both cell-attached and inside-out patches. We confirmed the previously reported intermediate-conductance K+ channel (72 pS), which is inhibited by millimolar cell ATP, acidic pH, Ba2+, and quinidine (4). We now report a second K+ channel in apical membrane of the TAL. The slope conductance of this low-conductance K+ channel is 30 pS, and its open probability is 0.80 in cell-attached patches. This channel is not voltage dependent, and application of 2 mM ATP in the bath inhibits channel activity in inside-out patches. In addition, 250 microM glyburide, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor, blocks channel activity, whereas the same concentration of glyburide has no inhibitory effect on the 72-pS K+ channel. Channel activity of the 30-pS K+ channel decreases rapidly upon excision of patches (channel run down). Application of 0.1 mM ATP and the catalytic subunit of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) restores channel activity. Furthermore, addition of 0.1 mM 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP or 50-100 pM vasopressin in the cell-attached patches increases channel activity. In conclusion, two types of K+ channels are present in the apical membrane of TAL of rat kidney, and PKA plays an important role in modulation of the low-conductance K+ channel activity.

Ca-activated K channels in apical membrane of mammalian CCT, and their role in K secretion

1987 ◽  
Vol 252 (3) ◽  
pp. F458-F467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Frindt ◽  
L. G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Apical Membrane ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
K Secretion ◽  
Excised Patches ◽  
Cytoplasmic Side ◽  
High Conductance

High conductance, Ca-activated K channels were studied in the apical membrane of the rat cortical collecting tubule (CCT) using the patch-clamp technique. In cell-attached patches the channels were found mainly in the closed state at the spontaneous apical membrane potential. They spent progressively more time in the open state as the pipette potential was made negative relative to the bath. In excised patches these channels had a high selectivity for K over Na and were activated by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane in a voltage-dependent manner. They had a low conductance to Rb and were blocked by Ba (1-100 microM) from the cytoplasmic side and tetraethylammonium (TEA) (0.2-1 mM) from the luminal side. Block by external TEA and small conductance to Rb were used to investigate the role of these channels in K transport by the isolated perfused rabbit CCT. Ba (2.5 mM), a well-studied blocker of apical K conductance in this segment, hyperpolarized the transepithelial voltage (VT) by 3.7 +/- 0.9 mV when added to the luminal solution of the perfused tubule. Addition of TEA (5 mM) to the luminal solution has no effect on VT. When Na transport was abolished by luminal amiloride, perfusion with 30 mM K (replacing Na) resulted in a lumen-negative VT (18-34 mV). Under these conditions, VT was reduced by 6.0 +/- 1.5 mV by 2.5 mM Ba, whereas TEA had no effect. Perfusion with 30 mM Rb (replacing Na) also caused a lumen-negative VT that was approximately 50% of that observed with 30 mM K. The apical K conductance of the perfused CCT appears to be insensitive to luminal TEA and only modestly selective for K over Rb. This conductance, at least under the conditions of our studies, is probably not mediated by the high conductance Ca-activated K channel.

scholarly journals cAMP-activated apical membrane chloride channels in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Conductance, selectivity, and block.

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Copello ◽  
T A Heming ◽  
Y Segal ◽  
L Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Channels ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Intracellular Camp ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Gallbladder Epithelium ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
Necturus Gallbladder ◽  
Cytosolic Side ◽  
Cl Channels

Elevation of intracellular cAMP levels in Necturus gallbladder epithelium (NGB) induces an apical membrane Cl- conductance (GaCl). Its characteristics (i.e., magnitude, anion selectivity, and block) were studied with intracellular microelectrode techniques. Under control conditions, the apical membrane conductance (Ga) was 0.17 mS.cm-2, primarily ascribable to GaK. With elevation of cell cAMP to maximum levels, Ga increased to 6.7 mS.cm-2 and became anion selective, with the permeability sequence SCN- > NO3- > I- > Br- > Cl- > SO4(2-) approximately gluconate approximately cyclamate. GaCl was not affected by the putative Cl- channel blockers Cu2+, DIDS, DNDS, DPC, furosemide, IAA-94, MK-196, NPPB, SITS, verapamil, and glibenclamide. To characterize the cAMP-activated Cl- channels, patch-clamp studies were conducted on the apical membrane of enzyme-treated gallbladders or on dissociated cells from tissues exposed to both theophylline and forskolin. Two kinds of Cl- channels were found. With approximately 100 mM Cl- in both bath and pipette, the most frequent channel had a linear current-voltage relationship with a slope conductance of approximately 10 pS. The less frequent channel was outward rectifying with slope conductances of approximately 10 and 20 pS at -40 and 40 mV, respectively. The Cl- channels colocalized with apical maxi-K+ channels in 70% of the patches. The open probability (Po) of both kinds of Cl- channels was variable from patch to patch (0.3 on average) and insensitive to [Ca2+], membrane voltage, and pH. The channel density (approximately 0.3/patch) was one to two orders of magnitude less than that required to account for GaCl. However, addition of 250 U/ml protein kinase A plus 1 mM ATP to the cytosolic side of excised patches increased the density of the linear 10-pS Cl- channels more than 10-fold to four per patch and the mean Po to 0.5, close to expectations from GaCl. The permeability sequence and blocker insensitivity of the PKA-activated channels were identical to those of the apical membrane. These data strongly suggest that 10-pS Cl- channels are responsible for the cAMP-induced increase in apical membrane conductance of NGB epithelium.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological effects of extracellular ATP on Necturus gallbladder epithelium.

1991 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
C U Cotton ◽  
L Reuss
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Gallbladder Epithelium ◽  
Necturus Gallbladder

The effects of addition of ATP to the mucosal bathing solution on transepithelial, apical, and basolateral membrane voltages and resistances in Necturus gallbladder epithelium were determined. Mucosal ATP (100 microM) caused a rapid hyperpolarization of both apical (Vmc) and basolateral (Vcs) cell membrane voltages (delta Vm = 18 +/- 1 mV), a fall in transepithelial resistance (Rt) from 142 +/- 8 to 122 +/- 7 omega.cm2, and a decrease in fractional apical membrane resistance (fRa) from 0.93 +/- 0.02 to 0.83 +/- 0.03. The rapid initial hyperpolarization of Vmc and Vcs was followed by a slower depolarization of cell membrane voltages and a lumen-negative change in transepithelial voltage (Vms). This phase also included an additional decrease in fRa. Removal of the ATP caused a further depolarization of membrane voltages followed by a hyperpolarization and then a return to control values. fRa fell to a minimum after removal of ATP and then returned to control values as the cell membrane voltages repolarized. Similar responses could be elicited by ADP but not by adenosine. The results of two-point cable experiments revealed that ATP induced an initial increase in cell membrane conductance followed by a decrease. Transient elevations of mucosal solution [K+] induced a larger depolarization of Vmc and Vcs during exposure to ATP than under control conditions. Reduction of mucosal solution [Cl-] induced a slow hyperpolarization of Vmc and Vcs before exposure to ATP and a rapid depolarization during exposure to ATP. We conclude that ATP4- is the active agent and that it causes a concentration-dependent increase in apical and basolateral membrane K+ permeability. In addition, an apical membrane electrodiffusive Cl- permeability is activated by ATP4-.

scholarly journals Patch-clamp studies of isolated mouse olfactory receptor neurons.

1987 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Maue ◽  
V E Dionne
Keyword(s):  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
Membrane Conductance ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Neurons ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Receptor Neurons

Olfactory receptor neurons isolated from embryonic, neonatal, and adult mice were studied using the patch-clamp technique. Several distinct types of ion channels were characterized in patches of membrane from the neuronal soma and the dendritic knob of receptor neurons, including a 130-pS Ca++-activated K+ channel with voltage-dependent kinetics, an 80-pS Ca++-activated K+ channel with voltage-insensitive kinetics, a 25-pS K+ channel with properties similar to inward rectifiers, and a 40-pS K+ channel that was activated and then inactivated by rapid depolarization. Evidence of large-conductance (greater than 200 pS) Cl- channels, which were Ca++ insensitive and increasingly active at depolarizing membrane potentials, and voltage-activated Ca++ channels (16 pS) was also obtained. From K+ channel activity recorded from cell-attached patches, the intracellular [Ca++] was inferred to be below 0.1 microM, and the membrane potential was inferred to be approximately -50 mV. The receptor neurons had high input resistances, and action potentials could be elicited by picoampere amounts of depolarizing current. The receptor neurons responded to applied odorant molecules and to forskolin with increases in membrane conductance. These results provide a description of the membrane properties of olfactory receptor neurons and a basis for understanding their electrical activity and response to odorants.

Apical potassium channels in the rat connecting tubule

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (5) ◽  
pp. F1030-F1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Frindt ◽  
Lawrence G. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Apical Membrane ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Membrane Voltage ◽  
Sk Channels ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
K Channels ◽  
Connecting Tubule ◽  
Channel Type

Apical membrane K channels in the rat connecting tubule (CNT) were studied using the patch-clamp technique. Tubules were isolated from the cortical labyrinth of the kidney and split open to provide access to the apical membrane. Cell-attached patches were formed on presumed principal and/or connecting tubule cells. The major channel type observed had a single-channel conductance of 52 pS, high open probability and kinetics that were only weakly dependent on voltage. These correspond closely to the “SK”-type channels in the cortical collecting duct, identified with the ROMK (Kir1.1) gene product. A second channel type, which was less frequently observed, mediated larger currents and was strongly activated by depolarization of the apical membrane voltage. These were identified as BK or maxi-K channels. The density of active SK channels revealed a high degree of clustering. Although heterogeneity of tubules or of cell types within a tubule could not be excluded, the major factor underlying the distribution appeared to be the presence of channel clusters on the membrane of individual cells. The overall density of channels was higher than that previously found in the cortical collecting tubule (CCT). In contrast to results in the CCT, we did not detect an increase in the overall density of SK channels in the apical membrane after feeding the animals a high-K diet. However, the activity of amiloride-sensitive Na channels was undetectable under control conditions but was increased after both 1 day (90 ± 24 pA/cell) or 7 days (385 ± 82 pA/cell) of K loading. Thus one important factor leading to an increased K secretion in the CNT in response to increased dietary K is an increased apical Na conductance, leading to depolarization of the apical membrane voltage and an increased driving force for K movement out into the tubular lumen.

Ion channel activities of cultured rat mesangial cells

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. F808-F814 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Matsunaga ◽  
N. Yamashita ◽  
Y. Miyajima ◽  
T. Okuda ◽  
H. Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Ion Channels ◽  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Mesangial Cells ◽  
Cation Channel ◽  
K Channel ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Inside Out

We used the patch-clamp technique to clarify the nature of ion channels in renal mesangial cells in culture. In the cell-attached mode most patches were silent in the absence of agonists. In some patches a 25-pS nonselective channel was observed. This 25-pS cation channel was consistently observed in inside-out patches, and it was activated by intracellular Ca2+. Excised patch experiments also revealed the existence of a 40-pS K+ channel, which was activated by intracellular Ca2+. This 40-pS K+ channel was observed infrequently in the cell-attached mode. The activities of both channels were increased by arginine vasopressin or angiotensin II, resulting from an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration.

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