Transportation on the Great Lakes of North America. George Gerard Tunell

1898 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-570
Author(s):  
S. J. McLean
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes

Atmospheric teleconnection patterns associated with severe and mild ice cover on the Great Lakes, 1963–2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 421-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuezhi Bai ◽  
Jia Wang
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Teleconnection Pattern ◽  
La Niña ◽  
Atmospheric Teleconnection ◽  
La Nina

Atmospheric teleconnection circulation patterns associated with severe and mild ice cover over the Great Lakes are investigated using the composite analysis of lake ice data and National Center of Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data for the period 1963–2011. The teleconnection pattern associated with the severe ice cover is the combination of a negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or Arctic Oscillation (AO) and negative phase of Pacific/North America (PNA) pattern, while the pattern associated with the mild ice cover is the combination of a positive PNA (or an El Niño) and a positive phase of the NAO/AO. These two extreme ice conditions are associated with the North American ridge–trough variations. The intensified ridge–trough system produces a strong northwest-to-southeast tilted ridge and trough and increases the anomalous northwesterly wind, advecting cold, dry Arctic air to the Great Lakes. The weakened ridge–trough system produces a flattened ridge and trough, and promotes a climatological westerly wind, advecting warm, dry air from western North America to the Great Lakes. Although ice cover for all the individual lakes responds roughly linearly and symmetrically to both phases of the NAO/AO, and roughly nonlinearly and asymmetrically to El Niño and La Niña events, the overall ice cover response to individual NAO/AO or Niño3.4 index is not statistically significant. The combined NAO/AO and Niño3.4 indices can be used to reliably project severe ice cover during the simultaneous –NAO/AO and La Niña events, and mild ice cover during the simultaneous +NAO/AO and El Niño events.

Early Maize in Northeastern North America: A Comment on Emerson and Colleagues

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 425-427
Author(s):  
John P. Hart ◽  
William A. Lovis ◽  
M. Anne Katzenberg
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Human Bone ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Isotopic Evidence ◽  
St Lawrence River

Emerson and colleagues (2020) provide new isotopic evidence on directly dated human bone from the Greater Cahokia region. They conclude that maize was not adopted in the region prior to AD 900. Placing this result within the larger context of maize histories in northeastern North America, they suggest that evidence from the lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River valley for earlier maize is “enigmatic” and “perplexing.” Here, we review that evidence, accumulated over the course of several decades, and question why Emerson and colleagues felt the need to offer opinions on that evidence without providing any new contradictory empirical evidence for the region.

‘Scows, and barges, or other vessels of box model’: Comparative capital investment in the sailing scows of the Great Lakes of North America and in New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
Jay C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
American Frontier ◽  
International Context ◽  
The North ◽  
Hull Design

Boxy and with ‘unseaworthy form’, the sailing scow was not the most aesthetically pleasing of watercraft. Yet the durable hull design based upon European predecessors found a new home in North America where it proliferated on the Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific and Great Lakes coasts because of its practicality for largely unimproved waterways. Scows were widely used on the Great Lakes in the nineteenth century, moving beyond shallow waters and gaining a reputation for reliability in long-distance trade. Late in the century, the technology arrived in New Zealand, where it prospered in a niche market that combined open water voyages and shallow river, port, or beach loading and unloading. The Great Lakes scows presented an alternative for entry into ship ownership on the North American frontier. The development of the New Zealand scow confirmed these findings comparatively in an international context during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

scholarly journals Zones of Origin for Great Lakes Cyclones in North America, 1899–1996

2000 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Isard ◽  
James R. Angel ◽  
Geoffrey T. VanDyke
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes

scholarly journals Description and Analysis of a 20-Year (1960-79) Digital Ice-Concentration Database for the Great Lakes of North America

1983 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Assel
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Grid Cell ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Unit Surface Area ◽  
Grid Cells ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Ice Concentration

A digital ice-concentration database spanning 20 years (1960 to 1979) was established for the Great Lakes of North America. Data on ice concentration, i.e. the percentage of a unit surface area of the lake that is ice-covered, were abstracted from over 2 800 historic ice charts produced by United States and Canadian government agencies. The database consists of ice concentrations ranging from zero to 100% in 10% increments for individual grid cells of size 5 × 5 km constituting the surface area of each Great Lake. The data set for each of the Great Lakes was divided into half-month periods for statistical analysis. Maxinium, minimum, median, mode, and average ice-concentrations statistics were calculated for each grid cell and half-month period. A lakewide average value was then calculated for each of the half-month ice-concentration statistics for all grid cells for a given lake. Ice-cover variability and the normal extent and progression of the ice cover is discussed within the context of the lakewide averaged value of the minimum and maximum ice concentrations and the lakewide averaged value of the median ice concentrations, respectively. Differences in ice-cover variability among the five Great Lakes are related to mean lake depth and accumulated freezing degree-days. A Great Lakes ice atlas presenting a series of ice charts which depict the maximum, minimum, and median icecover concentrations for each of the Great Lakes for nine half-monthly periods, starting the last half of December and continuing through the last half of April will be published in 1983 by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The database will be archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center of the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) in Boulder, Colorado, USA, also in 1983.

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