Education, Islam, and Modernity: Beyond Westernization and CentralizationImperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire by Benjamin C. Fortna. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 304 pp. $74.00 (cloth). ISBN 0‐19924‐840‐0.The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839–1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline by Selcuk Aksin Somel. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2001. 414 pp. $120.00 (cloth). ISBN 9‐00411‐903‐5.Education, Religion, and the Discourse of Cultural Reform in Qajar Iran by Monica Ringer. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda, 2001. 310 pp. $24.95 (cloth). ISBN 1‐56859‐131‐4.
Keyword(s):