Education, Islam, and Modernity: Beyond Westernization and CentralizationImperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire by Benjamin C.  Fortna. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 304 pp. $74.00 (cloth). ISBN 0‐19924‐840‐0.The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839–1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline by Selcuk Aksin  Somel. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2001. 414 pp. $120.00 (cloth). ISBN 9‐00411‐903‐5.Education, Religion, and the Discourse of Cultural Reform in Qajar Iran by Monica  Ringer. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda, 2001. 310 pp. $24.95 (cloth). ISBN 1‐56859‐131‐4.

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Herrera
HISTOREIN ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Haris Exertzoglou

Review article of Ayşe Ozil, <em>Orthodox Christians in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Study of Communal Relations in Anatolia</em>, London: Routledge, 2013; Nicholas Doumanis, <em>Before the Nation: Muslim–Christian Coexistence and its Destruction in the Late Ottoman Anatolia</em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; Ryan Gingeras, <em>Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923</em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.


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