Review article of Ayşe Ozil, <em>Orthodox Christians in the Late Ottoman Empire: A Study of Communal Relations in Anatolia</em>, London: Routledge, 2013; Nicholas Doumanis, <em>Before the Nation: Muslim–Christian Coexistence and its Destruction in the Late Ottoman Anatolia</em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; Ryan Gingeras, <em>Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923</em>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.