Cnidocyte Supporting Cell Complexes Regulate Nematocyst-Mediated Feeding Behaviors in the Sea Anemone Diadumene lineata

2020 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-142
Author(s):  
Virginia McAuley ◽  
Glyne U. Thorington ◽  
David A. Hessinger
Keyword(s):  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Cell Complexes

Chemoreceptor-mediated elongation of stereocilium bundles tunes vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors on cnidocyte-supporting cell complexes to lower frequencies

1991 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLEN M. WATSON ◽  
DAVID A. HESSINGER
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Sea Anemone ◽  
Dose Dependency ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Temporal Adaptation ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Lower Frequencies

Cnidocyte-supporting cell complexes (CSCCs) discharge nematocysts into targets upon coincidental stimulation of specific chemoreceptors and contactsensitive mechanoreceptors. In addition, CSCCs in the tentacles of at least one species of sea anemone discharge nematocysts into targets vibrating at specific frequencies. In seawater alone, these CSCCs discharge nematocysts preferentially at 55, 50 and 75 Hz. In the presence of 10−7M N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) or mucin, the CSCCs discharge nematocysts preferentially at the lower frequencies of 0, 5, 15, 30 and 40 Hz. Furthermore, the stereocilium bundles (SBs) within ciliary cones of CSCCs elongate significantly from a mean length of 6.08 μm in seawater to 7.14 μm in 10−7M mucin. The responses of (1) shifting the optimal frequencies for discharging nematocysts to lower frequencies and (2) elongating the SBs both exhibit dose-dependency and temporal adaptation to chemosensitizer. We conclude that these responses are controlled by CSCC chemoreceptors for JV-acetylated sugars. We suggest that specific size-classes of SBs respond to specific frequencies of vibration, since the dose-response parameters to NANA depicting the relative abundances of SB size classes measuring 3–4, 5 and 7 μm correlate with dose-response parameters for the discharge of nematocysts into targets vibrating at 75, 55, and 30 Hz. Treating tentacles with cytochalasin disorganizes the SBs of ciliary cones and decreases the number of frequency optima for nematocyst discharge without significantly affecting nematocyst discharge into static targets. Thus, ciliary cones on CSCCs are vibration-sensitive mechanoreceptors that can be tuned by chemoreceptors to specific, lower frequencies by the elongation of SBs.

scholarly journals ANTAGONISTIC FREQUENCY TUNING OF HAIR BUNDLES BY DIFFERENT CHEMORECEPTORS REGULATES NEMATOCYST DISCHARGE

1994 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-73
Author(s):  
G Watson ◽  
D Hessinger
Keyword(s):  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Sensory Receptor ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Extreme Sensitivity ◽  
Hair Bundles ◽  
Proline Concentration ◽  
Lower Frequencies

Sea anemones capture prey by discharging nematocysts into them. Chemical and mechanical cues identify suitable prey to sensory receptor systems on the anemone. Conjugated N-acetylated sugars from prey bind to chemoreceptors on cnidocyte/supporting cell complexes to tune hair bundles on the complexes to lower frequencies matching prey movements. The hair bundles regulate discharge of microbasic p-mastigophore nematocysts into vibrating targets. Provided that proline receptors are activated after those for N-acetylated sugars, nematocyst discharge is tuned to much higher frequencies. Thus, anemone hair bundles are tuned to either higher or lower frequencies by antagonistic chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors for proline can adapt to 10(-8) mol l-1 proline and yet respond to increases in proline concentration of less than 10(-15) mol l-1. Under these conditions, too few molecules of proline are added to activate chemoreceptors on all responding cnidocyte/supporting cell complexes. Evidence indicates that the extreme sensitivity of anemones to proline may be attributed, in part, to intercellular communication.

Morphodynamic hair bundles arising from sensory cell/supporting cell complexes frequency-tune nematocyst discharge in sea anemones

1994 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Mire-Thibodeaux ◽  
Glen M. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Cell ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Cell Complexes ◽  
Hair Bundles

Methods for making stereoslides and -prints, with freeze-etched olfactory epithelium as example

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 704-705
Author(s):  
Bert Ph. M. Menco ◽  
Ido F. Menco ◽  
Frans L.T. Verdonk
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Freezing Method ◽  
Respiratory Epithelia ◽  
Three Dimensional Presentation

Previously we presented an extensive study of the distributions of intramembranous particles of structures in apical surfaces of nasal olfactory and respiratory epithelia of the Sprague-Dawley rat. For the same structures these distributions were compared in samples which were i) chemically fixed and cryo-protected with glycerol before cryo-fixation, after excision, and ii)ultra-rapidly frozen by means of the slam-freezing method. Since a three-dimensional presentation markedly improves visualization of structural features micrographs were presented as stereopairs. Two exposures were made by tiling the sample stage of the electron microscope 6° in either direction with an eucentric goniometer. The negatives (Agfa Pan 25 Professional) were reversed with Kodak Technical Pan Film 2415 developed in D76 1:1. The prints were made from these reversed negatives. As an example tight-junctional features of an olfactory supporting cell in a region where this cell conjoined with two other cells are presented (Fig. 1).

In vitro assembly of 2-D crystals from partially purified EA1 protein secreted by Bacillus anthracis strain Delta Sterne-1

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 276-277
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Downs ◽  
Wilson Ribot ◽  
Joseph W. Farchaus
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Sieves ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Supporting Cell ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Rabbit Igg ◽  
In Vitro Assembly ◽  
Covalently Linked

Many bacteria possess surface layers (S-layers) that consist of a two-dimensional protein lattice external to the cell envelope. These S-layer arrays are usually composed of a single species of protein or glycoprotein and are not covalently linked to the underlying cell wall. When removed from the cell, S-layer proteins often reassemble into a lattice identical to that found on the cell, even without supporting cell wall fragments. S-layers exist at the interface between the cell and its environment and probably serve as molecular sieves that exclude destructive macromolecules while allowing passage of small nutrients and secreted proteins. Some S-layers are refractory to ingestion by macrophages and, generally, bacteria are more virulent when S-layers are present.When grown in rich medium under aerobic conditions, B. anthracis strain Delta Sterne-1 secretes large amounts of a proteinaceous extractable antigen 1 (EA1) into the growth medium. Immunocytochemistry with rabbit polyclonal anti-EAl antibody made against the secreted protein and gold-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG showed that EAI was localized at the cell surface (fig 1), which suggests its role as an S-layer protein.

Sea Anemone Study Could Point Toward Hearing Restoration

ASHA Leader ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 14-14 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone

Starlet sea anemone

AccessScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Anemone
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