Assessment of Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ratios to Identify West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infections During Concurrent Outbreaks of West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Diseases, Arizona 2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 619-623
Author(s):  
Emily J. Curren ◽  
Heather Venkat ◽  
Rebecca Sunenshine ◽  
Kathryn Fitzpatrick ◽  
Olga Kosoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Diagnostic Algorithm Using Immunoglobulin M Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Differentiate Human West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Infections during the 2002 West Nile Virus Epidemic in the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1130-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise A. Martin ◽  
Amanda Noga ◽  
Olga Kosoy ◽  
Alison J. Johnson ◽  
Lyle R. Petersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile

ABSTRACT A diagnostic algorithm was developed to differentiate between human infections of West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) using positive-to-negative (P/N) ratios derived from the immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA). To validate this algorithm, we tested 1,418 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from confirmed WNV and SLEV infections collected during the WNV epidemic of 2002 in the United States. WNV P/N-to-SLEV P/N ratios (W/S ratios) were calculated and used to identify the infecting virus. These results were compared to results from the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), which is currently the standard assay used to discriminate between closely related flavivirus infections. If the W/S ratio was ≥1, the predictive value positive (PNP) for WNV was 97.8%, where 95% of flavivirus cases were due to WNV infection and only 3.7% of specimens would require PRNT to differentiate WNV from SLEV infection. Use of the W/S ratio as part of the testing algorithm to interpret MAC-ELISA results generates reportable probable cases quickly, alleviating the need for PRNT in most instances.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a New Commercially Available Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis Infections

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 3738-3741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea J. Cuzzubbo ◽  
Timothy P. Endy ◽  
David W. Vaughn ◽  
Tom Solomon ◽  
Ananda Nisalak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Commercial Enzyme

A new commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis virus infections showed a sensitivity of 88% with sera and 81% with cerebrospinal fluid and a specificity of 97% with sera from patients with primary and secondary dengue virus infections. Specificity was 100% when samples from nonflavivirus infections were tested.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Epitope-Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Diagnosis of West Nile Virus Infections in Humans

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Loroño-Pino ◽  
J. A. Farfan-Ale ◽  
B. J. Blitvich ◽  
J. L. Beebe ◽  
R. G. Jarman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
False Positive ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Characteristic Analysis ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Positive Rate

ABSTRACT An epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (b-ELISA) was evaluated for the diagnosis of West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans. Sera from patients diagnosed with WNV infections from an outbreak in 2003 in Colorado and from patients diagnosed with dengue virus infections from Mexico and Thailand were tested with the b-ELISA. The b-ELISAs were performed using the WNV-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3.1112G and the flavivirus-specific MAb 6B6C-1. Although the WNV-specific b-ELISA was effective in diagnosing WNV infections in humans from Colorado, it was not efficacious for diagnosing WNV infections in serum specimens from Mexico and Thailand. In serum specimens from patients from Colorado, the WNV b-ELISA and the WNV plaque reduction neutralization test showed an overall agreement of 91%. The sensitivity and specificity of the WNV b-ELISA were 89% and 92%, respectively, with a false-positive rate of 5%, based on receiver operating characteristic analysis. In contrast, false-positive rate results in specimens from the countries of Mexico and Thailand, where flaviviruses are endemic, were 79% and 80%, presumably due to the presence of antibodies resulting from previous dengue virus infections in Mexico and/or Japanese encephalitis virus infections or vaccination in Thailand. Thus, in regions where people have experienced previous or multiple flavivirus infections, the use of the b-ELISA for WNV diagnosis is contraindicated.

scholarly journals Epitope-Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Differentiate West Nile Virus from Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections in Equine Sera

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1024-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Kitai ◽  
Mizue Shoda ◽  
Takashi Kondo ◽  
Eiji Konishi
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Nonstructural Protein 1

ABSTRACT West Nile virus (WNV) is now widely distributed worldwide, except in most areas of Asia where Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is distributed. Considering the movement and migration of reservoir birds, there is concern that WNV may be introduced in Asian countries. Although manuals and guidelines for serological tests have been created in Japan in preparedness for the introduction of WNV, differential diagnosis between WNV and JEV may be complicated by antigenic cross-reactivities between these flaviviruses. Here, we generated a monoclonal antibody specific for the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of WNV and established an epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that can differentiate WNV from JEV infections in horse sera. Under conditions well suited for our assay system, samples collected from 95 horses in Japan (regarded as negative for WNV antibodies), including those collected from horses naturally infected with JEV, showed a mean inhibition value of 8.2% and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.5%. However, inhibition values obtained with serum used as a positive control (obtained after 28 days from a horse experimentally infected with WNV) in nine separate experiments showed a mean of 54.4% and an SD of 7.1%. We tentatively determined 27.6% (mean + 3 × SD obtained with 95 negative samples) as the cutoff value to differentiate positive from negative samples. Under this criterion, two horses experimentally infected with WNV were diagnosed as positive at 12 and 14 days, respectively, after infection.

West Nile Virus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Finn
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Csf Analysis ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Arboviral Disease

West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Flavivirus family that is transmitted via a mosquito vector, typically causing fever and capable of causing meningoencephalitis. Although mortality is low, it can lead to debilitating neuroinvasive disease in some patients. WNV is a leading cause of domestically-acquired arboviral disease and most commonly occurs in late August and early September. Consider WNV in otherwise unexplained cases of meningitis or encephalitis. Initial testing should consist of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and West Nile immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum and/or CSF. WNV is a nationally notifiable disease. Prevention remains the key to controlling this disease. Reducing the breeding grounds of the Culex mosquito and using insect repellant to prevent bites are two important strategies.

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