Two-Stroke Apparent Motion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mather
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Motion Detection ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Temporal Response ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Directional Motion

“Two-stroke” apparent motion is a powerful illusion of directional motion generated by alternating just two animation frames, which occurs when a brief blank interframe interval is inserted at alternate frame transitions. This chapter discusses this illusion, which can be explained in terms of the receptive field properties of motion-sensing neurons in the human visual system. The temporal response of these neurons contains both an excitatory phase and an inhibitory phase; when the timing of the interframe interval just matches the switch in response sign, the illusion occurs. Concepts covered in this chapter include four-stroke as well as two-stroke apparent motion, motion aftereffect, and motion detection.

Neurobiological correlates of apparent motion perception in the human visual system using magnetoencephalography

NeuroImage ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
C.I. Horenstein ◽  
R.R. Ramirez ◽  
E. Kronberg ◽  
U. Ribary ◽  
R.R. Llinas
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Human Visual System

The Study of Spatial Frequency Channels for Human Visual System

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (06) ◽  
pp. 1955007
Author(s):  
Xiangyang Xu ◽  
Qiao Chen ◽  
Ruixin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Tuning Curve ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Human Vision System

Similar to auditory perception of sound system, color perception of the human visual system also presents a multi-frequency channel property. In order to study the multi-frequency channel mechanism of how the human visual system processes color information, the paper proposed a psychophysical experiment to measure the contrast sensitivities based on 17 color samples of 16 spatial frequencies on CIELAB opponent color space. Correlation analysis was carried out on the psychophysical experiment data, and the results show obvious linear correlations of observations for different spatial frequencies of different observers, which indicates that a linear model can be used to model how human visual system processes spatial frequency information. The results of solving the model based on the experiment data of color samples show that 9 spatial frequency tuning curves can exist in human visual system with each lightness, R–G and Y–B color channel and each channel can be represented by 3 tuning curves, which reflect the “center-around” form of the human visual receptive field. It is concluded that there are 9 spatial frequency channels in human vision system. The low frequency tuning curve of a narrow-frequency bandwidth shows the characteristics of lower level receptive field for human vision system, the medium frequency tuning curve shows a low pass property of the change of medium frequent colors and the high frequency tuning curve of a width-frequency bandwidth, which has a feedback effect on the low and medium frequency channels and shows the characteristics of higher level receptive field for human vision system, which represents the discrimination of details.

Infrared target detection method based on the receptive field and lateral inhibition of human visual system

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (30) ◽  
pp. 8555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangnan Zhao ◽  
Yong Song ◽  
Yufei Zhao ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Target Detection ◽  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Detection Method

Psychophysical Evidence of a Sustained Input to Directionally Selective Motion Mechanisms

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter F Bischof ◽  
Vincent Di Lollo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Stimulus Sequence ◽  
Motion Sensors ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Motion Sensing ◽  
Cat Visual Cortex ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Combined Images

Human psychophysical evidence congruent with neurophysiological findings of a sustained input to directionally selective motion sensors in cat visual cortex is reported. Apparent motion was produced by displaying a group of dots in two frames (F1 and F2), where F2 was a translated version of F1. All stimulus sequences included a period during which F1 and F2 were displayed concurrently (combined images) and a period during which only F1 or F2 was on display (single images). There were three stimulus sequences: a display beginning with combined and ending with single image, a display beginning with single and ending with combined image, and a display beginning with F1, continuing with combined image, and ending with F2. Six durations of single and of combined images (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 ms) were crossed factorially in each stimulus sequence. Directional motion was seen easily at long durations of the single image in all stimulus sequences, as would be expected on the basis of a sustained input to the directional-motion-sensing mechanisms. Perception of directional motion improved with the duration of single images, but declined as the duration of combined images was increased. Baker and Cynader's model could account for the effect of duration of single images, but not for the effect of duration of combined images. An elaborated version of the model provides a good qualitative match to all empirical findings.

scholarly journals Functional resemblance and the internalization of rules

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-696
Author(s):  
Gerard O'Brien ◽  
Jon Opie
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Kinematic Geometry

Kubovy and Epstein distinguish between systems that follow rules, and those that merely instantiate them. They regard compliance with the principles of kinematic geometry in apparent motion as a case of instantiation. There is, however, some reason to believe that the human visual system internalizes the principles of kinematic geometry, even if it does not explicitly represent them. We offer functional resemblance as a criterion for internal representation. [Kubovy & Epstein]

A GENERIC GLARE SENSATION MODEL BASED ON THE HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C.J.M. Vissenberg ◽  
M. Perz ◽  
M.A.H. Donners ◽  
D. Sekulovski
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Spatial Summation ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Discomfort Glare ◽  
Pupil Constriction ◽  
Indoor Lighting

Conventional discomfort glare measures are based on glare source properties like luminous intensity or luminance and typically are valid only to specific situations and to specific types of light sources. For instance, the Unified Glare Rating (UGR) is intended for indoor lighting conditions with medium-sized glare sources, whereas another class of discomfort glare measures is specifically devoted to car headlamps. Recently, CIE TC 3-57 started with the aim to develop a more generic glare sensation model based on the human visual system. We present an example of such a model, including a detailed description of aspects like pupil constriction, retinal image formation, photoreceptor response and adaptation, receptive field-type filtering in the retina, and neural spatial summation. The linear correlation of the model to UGR in an indoor setting, and to subjective glare responses in an outdoor-like setting indicate that the human-visual-system-based model may indeed be considered generic.

scholarly journals Visual receptive field properties of cells in the optic tectum of the archer fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 748-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mor Ben-Tov ◽  
Ivgeny Kopilevich ◽  
Opher Donchin ◽  
Ohad Ben-Shahar ◽  
Chen Giladi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Orientation Tuning ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Receptive Field Properties

The archer fish is well known for its extreme visual behavior in shooting water jets at prey hanging on vegetation above water. This fish is a promising model in the study of visual system function because it can be trained to respond to artificial targets and thus to provide valuable psychophysical data. Although much behavioral data have indeed been collected over the past two decades, little is known about the functional organization of the main visual area supporting this visual behavior, namely, the fish optic tectum. In this article we focus on a fundamental aspect of this functional organization and provide a detailed analysis of receptive field properties of cells in the archer fish optic tectum. Using extracellular measurements to record activities of single cells, we first measure their retinotectal mapping. We then determine their receptive field properties such as size, selectivity for stimulus direction and orientation, tuning for spatial frequency, and tuning for temporal frequency. Finally, on the basis of all these measurements, we demonstrate that optic tectum cells can be classified into three categories: orientation-tuned cells, direction-tuned cells, and direction-agnostic cells. Our results provide an essential basis for future investigations of information processing in the archer fish visual system.

Human Brain Regions Involved in Direction Discrimination

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 2749-2765 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cornette ◽  
P. Dupont ◽  
A. Rosier ◽  
S. Sunaert ◽  
P. Van Hecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Motion Detection ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Successive Discrimination ◽  
Functional Specialization ◽  
Direction Discrimination ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
The Right

Cornette, L., P. Dupont, A. Rosier, S. Sunaert, P. Van Hecke, J. Michiels, L. Mortelmans, and G. A. Orban. Human brain regions involved in direction discrimination. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 2749–2765, 1998. To obtain further evidence for the functional specialization and task-dependent processing in the human visual system, we used positron emission tomography to compare regional cerebral blood flow in two direction discrimination tasks and four control tasks. The stimulus configuration, which was identical in all tasks, included the motion of a random dot pattern, dimming of a fixation point, and a tone burst. The discrimination tasks comprised the identification of motion direction and successive direction discrimination. The control tasks were motion detection, dimming detection, tone detection, and passive viewing. There was little difference in the activation patterns evoked by the three detection tasks except for decreased activity in the parietal cortex during the detection of a tone. Thus attention to a nonvisual stimulus modulated different visual cortical regions nonuniformly. Comparison of successive discrimination with motion detection yielded significant activation in the right fusiform gyrus, right lingual gyrus, right frontal operculum, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right thalamus. The fusiform and opercular activation sites persisted even after subtracting direction identification from successive discrimination, indicating their involvement in temporal comparison. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments confirmed the weak nature of the activation of human MT/V5 by successive direction discrimination but also indicated the involvement of an inferior satellite of human MT/V5. The fMRI experiments moreover confirmed the involvement of human V3A, lingual, and parietal regions in successive discrimination. Our results provide further evidence for the functional specialization of the human visual system because the cortical regions involved in direction discrimination partially differ from those involved in orientation discrimination. They also support the principle of task-dependent visual processing and indicate that the right fusiform gyrus participates in temporal comparison, irrespective of the stimulus attribute.

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