TIME OF CONSCIOUS INTENTION TO ACT IN RELATION TO ONSET OF CEREBRAL ACTIVITY (READINESS-POTENTIAL)

How and when motor intentions form has long been controversial. In particular, the extent to which motor preparation and action-related processes produce a conscious experience of intention remains unknown. Here, we used a brain–computer interface (BCI) while participants performed a self-paced movement task to trigger cues upon the detection of a readiness potential (a well-characterized brain signal that precedes movement) or in its absence. The BCI-triggered cues instructed participants either to move or not to move. Following this instruction, participants reported whether they felt they were about to move at the time the cue was presented. Participants were more likely to report an intention (i) when the cue was triggered by the presence of a readiness potential than when the same cue was triggered by its absence, and (ii) when they had just made an action than when they had not. We further describe a time-dependent integration of these two factors: the probability of reporting an intention was maximal when cues were triggered in the presence of a readiness potential, and when participants also executed an action shortly afterwards. Our results provide a first systematic investigation of how prospective and retrospective components are integrated in forming a conscious intention to move.

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Accessory stimulus (prepulse) effects on the lateralized motor readiness potential

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e526132012-325 ◽

1996 ◽

Author(s):

Fernando Valle-Inclan ◽

Steven A. Hackley

Keyword(s):

Readiness Potential ◽

Accessory Stimulus

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Cerebral activity during the anesthesia-like state induced by mesopontine microinjection of pentobarbital.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1161656.623421 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Hugh Hemmings

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Activity

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Baptism as Purification in Early Christian Texts

10.1093/oso/9780198791959.003.0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Moshe Blidstein

Keyword(s):

Major Site ◽

Early Christian ◽

Ritual Action ◽

Conscious Intention ◽

The Relationship ◽

Jewish Ritual

Chapter 5 discusses baptism as a ritual of purification and as marking the community’s external boundaries. Most authors who wrote about baptism in the second and third centuries described it as an act of purification, an understanding which is supported by the imagery of the ritual itself and by the Jewish and pagan parallels. This understanding made baptism dangerously similar to Jewish ritual, and the first section of the chapter therefore focuses on the efforts of Christian authors to differentiate between Christian baptism and Jewish rituals. Furthermore, this chapter investigates what exactly baptism was thought to purify. The identification of baptism—a physical act of washing—with purification from what would seem to be non- or semi-physical entities makes it a major site for addressing the relationship between external and internal purity, the role of conscious intention as opposed to ritual action, and the place of spiritual entities.

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Communicating Attitudes

10.1093/oso/9780198825968.003.0010 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Andreas Stokke

Keyword(s):

Language Use ◽

Semantics And Pragmatics ◽

Communicative Act ◽

Conscious Intention

This chapter extends the analysis of insincere language use from the last chapter to non-declarative utterances, including imperative, interrogative, and exclamative utterances. It argues that such utterances communicate information about the speaker’s attitudes. The chapter offers an account of insincerity in the non-declarative realm that is shallow. On this view, a non-declarative utterance is insincere when it is made without a conscious intention to avoid communicating information not matching the speaker’s conscious attitudes. A notion of a communicative act is defined, and the chapter argues that only such acts can be evaluated as insincere or not. A framework for understanding the semantics and pragmatics of non-declarative clause types is sketched and the chapter shows how it explains why non-declaratives cannot be used to lie.

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DDRE-31. FEASIBILITY AND BIOLOGIC ACTIVITY OF A KETOGENIC / INTERMITTENT FASTING DIET IN GLIOMA PATIENTS

Neuro-Oncology Advances ◽

10.1093/noajnl/vdab024.053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. i13-i13

Author(s):

Karisa Schreck ◽

Fang-Chi Hsu ◽

Adam Berrington ◽

Bobbie Henry-Barron ◽

Diane Vizthum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Mr Spectroscopy ◽

Hemoglobin A1c ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Intermittent Fasting ◽

Who Grade ◽

Cerebral Activity ◽

Food Records ◽

Systemic Activity ◽

Patient Reported

Abstract BACKGROUND There has been increasing interest in exploring ketogenic diet therapies (KDT) in patients with glioma given the poor prognosis. The purpose of this single-arm, open label phase 2 study was to rigorously examine the feasibility, safety, systemic biological activity, and cerebral activity of a KDT in patients with glioma. METHODS 25 patients with biopsy-confirmed WHO Grade 2–4 astrocytoma with stable disease following adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in an 8-week GLioma Atkins-based Diet (GLAD). GLAD consisted of 2 fasting days (calories<20% calculated estimated needs) interleaved between 5 modified Atkins diet days (net carbohydrates≤20 gm/day) each week. The primary outcome was dietary adherence by food records. Markers of systemic and cerebral activity included weekly urine ketones, serum insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, IGF-1, and MR spectroscopy at baseline and week 8. RESULTS 21 patients completed the study. 80% of patients reached ≥40 mg/dL urine acetoacetate during the study. 48% of patients were adherent by food record. The diet was well-tolerated with two grade 3 adverse events (neutropenia, seizure). Measures of systemic activity including hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and fat body mass decreased significantly, while lean body mass increased. MR spectroscopy demonstrated increased ketone concentrations (β-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) and acetone (Ace)) in both lesional and contralateral brain, compared to baseline. Higher total choline (tCho) and glutamine (Gln) levels were observed in lesional as compared to contralateral brain at baseline, and both decreased following intervention. Average ketonuria correlated with cerebral ketones in lesional (tumor) and contralateral brain (bHB Rs0.52, p=0.05). There were no differences in cerebral metabolites in IDH-mutant glioma after controlling for ketonuria. CONCLUSIONS The GLAD dietary intervention, while demanding, produced meaningful ketonuria, and significant systemic and cerebral metabolic changes in participants. Participant ketonuria correlated with cerebral ketone concentration and appears to be a better indicator of systemic activity than patient-reported food records.

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