scholarly journals Two modes of balancing selection in Drosophila melanogaster: overcompensation and overdominance.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-391
Author(s):  
T X Peng ◽  
A Moya ◽  
F J Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Designed Experiments ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Limiting Resources ◽  
Uniform Population

Abstract Overdominance is often invoked to account for the extensive polymorphisms found in natural populations of organisms; overcompensation, however, may be equally or more important. Overcompensation occurs when limiting resources are better exploited by a genetically mixed than by a uniform population, and is often causally related to frequency-dependent selection. We have designed experiments to test whether overcompensation occurs in Drosophila melanogaster, using the Sod locus as a marker. Tests are made at each of two densities and two temperatures for cultures with desired genetic compositions. Both temperature and density have statistically significant effects on the per-female productivity of the cultures. More important, there are strong effects due to overcompensation. Cultures that are more polymorphic are also more productive than less polymorphic ones even when the level of individual heterozygosity is the same in all. There is also overdominance for the Sod locus: the heterozygotes are more productive than either homozygote at every temperature and density, and the differences are statistically significant in several cases. These results corroborate previous studies showing that overdominance may contribute to the maintenance of the Sod polymorphisms. Moreover, our results indicate that the significance of overcompensation as a mechanism to account for polymorphism in natural populations deserves further investigation.

scholarly journals BALANCING SELECTION, INVERSION POLYMORPHISM AND ADAPTATION IN DDT-RESISTANT POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Phillip T Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Aldehyde Oxidase ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Heterozygote Advantage ◽  
Allozyme Polymorphism ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Laboratory Populations ◽  
Environmental Component

ABSTRACT The modes of selection important in maintaining an inversion-allozyme polymorphism in two laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster were examined. The populations, 731R and J2, are highly resistant to DDT. The polymorphism involves the Standard and In(3R)P chromosomal arrangements in very strong linkage association with the AO  1 and AO  4 allozymes, respectively, of the aldehyde oxidase locus—The mean fertilities of the three karyotypes were not significantly different in 731R, but, in J2, In/In was significantly inferior to St/St and St/In. Egg-to-adult viability tests indicated very strong heterozygote advantage at all frequency combinations of the karyotypes in both populations when DDT was present. When DDT was excluded, the viabilities varied over the frequency combinations but were not inversely correlated with karyotype frequency, as predicted by balancing frequency-dependent selection. Discrete, multiple-generation experiments showed a rapid increase in heterozygote frequency to about 80% in both populations when DDT was present. Without DDT, 731R showed apparent directional selection favoring St, whereas J2 showed persistence of the polymorphism, although with extensive fluctuation.—Thus, the inversion-allozyme polymorphism is directly involved in the adaptation to a specific environmental component, DDT, and the selective advantage of the heterozygotes is the important balancing force. Balancing frequency-dependent selection was not observed, which suggests the hypothesis that this form of selection may not be involved in adaptation to novel environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently confounding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin Brisson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Selective Force ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Peer Community

AbstractThis preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100024).The existence of persistent genetic variation within natural populations presents an evolutionary problem as natural selection and genetic drift tend to erode genetic diversity. Models of balancing selection were developed to account for the high and sometimes extreme levels of polymorphism found in many natural populations. Negative frequency-dependent selection may be the most powerful selective force maintaining balanced natural polymorphisms but it is also commonly misinterpreted. The aim of this review is to clarify the processes underlying negative frequency-dependent selection, describe classes of natural polymorphisms that can and cannot result from these processes, and discuss observational and experimental data that can aid in accurately identifying the processes that generated or are maintain diversity in nature. Finally, I consider the importance of accurately describing the processes affecting genetic diversity within populations as it relates to research progress.

Frequency-Dependent Selection at the Payne Inversion in Drosophila melanogaster

Evolution ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 558 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nassar ◽  
H. J. Muhs ◽  
R. D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection

scholarly journals Causation without correlation: parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection and infection prevalence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis M Lively ◽  
Julie Xu ◽  
Frida Ben-Ami
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasite-mediated selection is thought to maintain host genetic diversity for resistance. We might thus expect to find a strong positive correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence across natural populations. Here we used computer simulations to examine host-parasite coevolution in 20 simi-isolated clonal populations across a broad range of values for both parasite virulence and parasite fecundity. We found that the correlation between host genetic diversity and infection prevalence can be significantly positive for intermediate values of parasite virulence and fecundity. But the correlation can also be weak and statistically non-significant, even when parasite-mediated frequency-dependent selection is the sole force maintaining host diversity. Hence correlational analyses of field populations, while useful, might underestimate the role of parasites in maintaining host diversity.

scholarly journals Dominant words rise to the top by positive frequency-dependent selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (15) ◽  
pp. 7397-7402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Pagel ◽  
Mark Beaumont ◽  
Andrew Meade ◽  
Annemarie Verkerk ◽  
Andreea Calude
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Word Choice ◽  
Random Drift ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Neutral Drift ◽  
Word Use ◽  
New Words ◽  
Core Lexicon ◽  
Positive Frequency

A puzzle of language is how speakers come to use the same words for particular meanings, given that there are often many competing alternatives (e.g., “sofa,” “couch,” “settee”), and there is seldom a necessary connection between a word and its meaning. The well-known process of random drift—roughly corresponding in this context to “say what you hear”—can cause the frequencies of alternative words to fluctuate over time, and it is even possible for one of the words to replace all others, without any form of selection being involved. However, is drift alone an adequate explanation of a shared vocabulary? Darwin thought not. Here, we apply models of neutral drift, directional selection, and positive frequency-dependent selection to explain over 417,000 word-use choices for 418 meanings in two natural populations of speakers. We find that neutral drift does not in general explain word use. Instead, some form of selection governs word choice in over 91% of the meanings we studied. In cases where one word dominates all others for a particular meaning—such as is typical of the words in the core lexicon of a language—word choice is guided by positive frequency-dependent selection—a bias that makes speakers disproportionately likely to use the words that most others use. This bias grants an increasing advantage to the common form as it becomes more popular and provides a mechanism to explain how a shared vocabulary can spontaneously self-organize and then be maintained for centuries or even millennia, despite new words continually entering the lexicon.

scholarly journals Negative frequency dependent selection contributes to the maintenance of a global polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zorana Kurbalija Novičić ◽  
Ahmed Sayadi ◽  
Mihailo Jelić ◽  
Göran Arnqvist
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection

Abstract Background Understanding the forces that maintain diversity across a range of scales is at the very heart of biology. Frequency-dependent processes are generally recognized as the most central process for the maintenance of ecological diversity. The same is, however, not generally true for genetic diversity. Negative frequency dependent selection, where rare genotypes have an advantage, is often regarded as a relatively weak force in maintaining genetic variation in life history traits because recombination disassociates alleles across many genes. Yet, many regions of the genome show low rates of recombination and genetic variation in such regions (i.e., supergenes) may in theory be upheld by frequency dependent selection. Results We studied what is essentially a ubiquitous life history supergene (i.e., mitochondrial DNA) in the fruit fly Drosophila subobscura, showing sympatric polymorphism with two main mtDNA genotypes co-occurring in populations world-wide. Using an experimental evolution approach involving manipulations of genotype starting frequencies, we show that negative frequency dependent selection indeed acts to maintain genetic variation in this region. Moreover, the strength of selection was affected by food resource conditions. Conclusions Our work provides novel experimental support for the view that balancing selection through negative frequency dependency acts to maintain genetic variation in life history genes. We suggest that the emergence of negative frequency dependent selection on mtDNA is symptomatic of the fundamental link between ecological processes related to resource use and the maintenance of genetic variation.

scholarly journals Epistasis can accelerate adaptive diversification in haploid asexual populations

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1802) ◽  
pp. 20142648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cortland K. Griswold
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Ecological Process ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Asexual Populations

A fundamental goal of the biological sciences is to determine processes that facilitate the evolution of diversity. These processes can be separated into ecological, physiological, developmental and genetic. An ecological process that facilitates diversification is frequency-dependent selection caused by competition. Models of frequency-dependent adaptive diversification have generally assumed a genetic basis of phenotype that is non-epistatic. Here, we present a model that indicates diversification is accelerated by an epistatic basis of phenotype in combination with a competition model that invokes frequency-dependent selection. Our model makes use of a genealogical model of epistasis and insights into the effects of balancing selection on the genealogical structure of a population to understand how epistasis can facilitate diversification. The finding that epistasis facilitates diversification may be informative with respect to empirical results that indicate an epistatic basis of phenotype in experimental bacterial populations that experienced adaptive diversification.

scholarly journals Polymorphism at a mimicry supergene maintained by opposing frequency-dependent selection pressures

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (31) ◽  
pp. 8325-8329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Chouteau ◽  
Violaine Llaurens ◽  
Florence Piron-Prunier ◽  
Mathieu Joron
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Wing Pattern ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Conservation Medicine ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Adaptive Diversity

Explaining the maintenance of adaptive diversity within populations is a long-standing goal in evolutionary biology, with important implications for conservation, medicine, and agriculture. Adaptation often leads to the fixation of beneficial alleles, and therefore it erodes local diversity so that understanding the coexistence of multiple adaptive phenotypes requires deciphering the ecological mechanisms that determine their respective benefits. Here, we show how antagonistic frequency-dependent selection (FDS), generated by natural and sexual selection acting on the same trait, maintains mimicry polymorphism in the toxic butterfly Heliconius numata. Positive FDS imposed by predators on mimetic signals favors the fixation of the most abundant and best-protected wing-pattern morph, thereby limiting polymorphism. However, by using mate-choice experiments, we reveal disassortative mate preferences of the different wing-pattern morphs. The resulting negative FDS on wing-pattern alleles is consistent with the excess of heterozygote genotypes at the supergene locus controlling wing-pattern variation in natural populations of H. numata. The combined effect of positive and negative FDS on visual signals is sufficient to maintain a diversity of morphs displaying accurate mimicry with other local prey, although some of the forms only provide moderate protection against predators. Our findings help understand how alternative adaptive phenotypes can be maintained within populations and emphasize the need to investigate interactions between selective pressures in other cases of puzzling adaptive polymorphism.

scholarly journals FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SELECTION AT THE LAP LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-338
Author(s):  
R Nassar
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gene Frequency ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection

ABSTRACT Results of fitness estimates for the Lap locus in Drosophila melanogaster revealed that under crowded media conditions gene frequency equilibrium was maintained by frequency-dependent selection. Evidence was obtained that indicated that mating and egg-to-adult viability were frequency dependent.

scholarly journals Consistent female preference for rare and unfamiliar male color patterns in wild guppy populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1672-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J Valvo ◽  
F Helen Rodd ◽  
Kimberly A Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Female Preference ◽  
Male Mating ◽  
Color Patterns ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection

Abstract How genetic variation is maintained in ecologically important traits is a central question in evolutionary biology. Male Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata, exhibit high genetic diversity in color patterns within populations, and field and laboratory studies implicate negative frequency-dependent selection in maintaining this variation. However, behavioral and ecological processes that mediate this selection in natural populations are poorly understood. We evaluated female mate preference in 11 natural guppy populations, including paired populations from high- and low-predation habitats, to determine if this behavior is responsible for negative frequency-dependent selection and to evaluate its prevalence in nature. Females directed significantly more attention to males with rare and unfamiliar color patterns than to males with common patterns. Female attention also increased with the area of male orange coloration, but this preference was independent of the preference for rare and unfamiliar patterns. We also found an overall effect of predation regime; females from high-predation populations directed more attention toward males than those from low-predation populations. Again, however, the habitat-linked preference was statistically independent from the preference for rare and unfamiliar patterns. Because previous research indicates that female attention to males predicts male mating success, we conclude that the prevalence of female preference for males with rare and unfamiliar color patterns across many natural populations supports the hypothesis that female preference is an important process underlying the maintenance of high genetic variation in guppy color patterns.

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