Demonstration of a Stereospecific Photochemical Meta Effect

A fundamental goal of photochemistry is to understand how structural features of a chromophore can make specific bonds within a molecule prone to cleavage by light, or photolabile. The meta effect is an example of a regiochemical explanation for photolability, in which electron donating groups on an aromatic ring cause photolability selectively at the meta position. Here, we show, using a chromophore containing one ring with a meta-methoxy group and one ring with a para-methoxy group, that two stereoisomers of the same compounds can react with light differently, based simply on the three-dimensional positioning of a meta anisyl ring. The result is that the stereoisomers of the compound with the same configuration at both stereogenic centers are photolabile while the stereoisomers with opposite configuration do not react with light. Furthermore, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations show distinct excitation pathways for each stereoisomer.

The Problem of Defining Local Self-Government as a Key Actor of a Unified System of Public Power and Admininstration (Analysis of the Problem Field)

The analysis of the problem field is a serious problem from the methodological and methodical point of view. The solution of this problem becomes particularly difficult in cases when the object under study is characterized by a high level of structural and process diversity, has a dynamic character, i. e. it is constantly evolving, and exists in many variants with the presence of the invariant enshrined in international acts and legislation of most states. The end of the last century was a period of rethinking of many concepts that define the complex processes of political and social interaction of various levels and elements of the system of power and public administration in Russia. The adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993 put forward fundamental problems that needed to be solved to move the country along the path of democratization, build a market economy and form an effective governing system. Article 12 of the first chapter establishes the autonomy of local self-government as an institution, guarantees its protection from excessive state influence. This provision reflects the global trend of consolidating the right to local self-government in democratic states. However, the European Charter of Local Self-Government includes a provision on the independence of local self-government in resolving issues of local significance only within the framework of state legislation, i. e. it establishes its subordinate nature. The latter provision automatically makes local self-government part of the unified system of public power and public administration, which is reflected in the corresponding amendment to Ch. 8 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation “Local self-government” in 2020. This makes t relevant he problem of the local authorities ‘ own powers, the division of functions between them and state authorities to achieve the fundamental goal of the modern state — to ensure an optimal uniform quality of life throughout the territory. The purpose of the article is to characterize the problem field in which the concepts of “public power” and “public administration” are defined and analysed in the context of considering local self-government as a key actor of both systems. The objectives of the research are to determine the boundaries of this problem field, its structure, as well as the difference in approaches to this problem in the works of Russian and foreign authors, including scientists from Central Asian countries.

STUDYING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYBRID COMPOSITES USING NATURAL ADDITIVES WITH EPOXY

The fundamental goal of the present study is to study the effects of the natural additives with vegetable and animal sources in form (i.e. the short fibers and particle) on mechanical characteristics epoxy. (The wood dust WD, cow bones CB, date palm fiber DP, and sheep wool SW) have been chosen as natural additives with a variety of the weight ratio reinforcements for epoxy matrix, which is based upon the hybrid composites that have been produced by hand lay-up approach. Tensile, compression and flexural tests have been performed based on the American society for the testing and materials (ASTM) for the characterization of hybrid composites it has been discovered that mechanical characteristics may be increased or decreased according to the material additive type, its origins, and the utilized percentage of weight.

Big Data and Global Software Engineering

A large vault of terabytes of information created every day from present-day data frameworks and digital innovations, for example, the internet of things and distributed computing. Investigation of this enormous information requires a ton of endeavors at different dimensions to separate learning for central leadership. An examination is an ebb-and-flow territory of innovative work. The fundamental goal of this paper is to investigate the potential effect of enormous information challenges, open research issues, and different instruments related to it. Subsequently, this article gives a stage to study big data at various stages. It opens another skyline for analysts to build up the arrangement in light of the difficulties, and open research issues. The article comprehended that each large information stage has its core interest. Some of this is intended for bunch handling while some are great at constant scientific. Each large information stage likewise has explicit usefulness. Unique procedures were utilized for the investigation.

Method Study on Improving Teaching Efficiency of Compulsory Courses --Taking Laser Principle and Application as an Example

At present, students major in photo electricity information science and engineering, measurement and control technology and instrumentation of colleges and universities are not interested in the compulsory courses which require higher theoretical basis. And teaching efficiency of such courses is bad. Aiming at the issue, we put forward some important measures on how to motivate students’ interest and improve the teaching efficiency of compulsory courses of such majors with a combination of course: Laser Principle and Application. From the aspect of teachers, a teacher shall accumulate rich application examples in various fields and prepare lessons efficiently. It is a precondition for improving compulsory course teaching efficiency. It is also effective guarantee to carry out vivid classroom teaching with a combination of cutting-edge technological development. Besides, it is fundamental guarantee for a teacher to bring in diversification means in the big data era and adopt advanced teaching methods. From the aspect of students, rich learning interest and positive learning attitude are the fundamental power to improve compulsory course teaching efficiency. In addition, necessary engineering practice ability cultivation is the fundamental goal.

Evolution of stickleback spines through independent cis-regulatory changes at HOXDB

Understanding the genetic mechanisms leading to new traits is a fundamental goal of evolutionary biology. We show that HOXDB regulatory changes have been used repeatedly in different stickleback fish species to alter the length and number of bony dorsal spines. In Gasterosteus aculeatus, a variant HOXDB allele is genetically linked to shortening an existing spine and adding a spine. In Apeltes quadracus, a variant allele is associated with lengthening an existing spine and adding a spine. The alleles alter the same conserved non-coding HOXDB enhancer by diverse molecular mechanisms, including SNPs, deletions, and transposable element insertions. The independent cis-acting regulatory changes are linked to anterior expansion or contraction of HOXDB expression. Our findings support the long-standing hypothesis that natural Hox gene variation underlies key morphological patterning changes in wild populations and illustrate how different mutational mechanisms affecting the same region may produce opposite gene expression changes with similar phenotypic outcomes.

Triple oxygen isotope constraints on atmospheric O2 and biological productivity during the mid-Proterozoic

Reconstructing the history of biological productivity and atmospheric oxygen partial pressure (pO2) is a fundamental goal of geobiology. Recently, the mass-independent fractionation of oxygen isotopes (O-MIF) has been used as a tool for estimating pO2 and productivity during the Proterozoic. O-MIF, reported as Δ′17O, is produced during the formation of ozone and destroyed by isotopic exchange with water by biological and chemical processes. Atmospheric O-MIF can be preserved in the geologic record when pyrite (FeS2) is oxidized during weathering, and the sulfur is redeposited as sulfate. Here, sedimentary sulfates from the ∼1.4-Ga Sibley Formation are reanalyzed using a detailed one-dimensional photochemical model that includes physical constraints on air–sea gas exchange. Previous analyses of these data concluded that pO2 at that time was <1% PAL (times the present atmospheric level). Our model shows that the upper limit on pO2 is essentially unconstrained by these data. Indeed, pO2 levels below 0.8% PAL are possible only if atmospheric methane was more abundant than today (so that pCO2 could have been lower) or if the Sibley O-MIF data were diluted by reprocessing before the sulfates were deposited. Our model also shows that, contrary to previous assertions, marine productivity cannot be reliably constrained by the O-MIF data because the exchange of molecular oxygen (O2) between the atmosphere and surface ocean is controlled more by air–sea gas transfer rates than by biological productivity. Improved estimates of pCO2 and/or improved proxies for Δ′17O of atmospheric O2 would allow tighter constraints to be placed on mid-Proterozoic pO2.

Patient and Caregiver Symptom Trajectory: The Last 2 Months of Cancer Home Hospice

Patient symptom management is a fundamental goal of cancer home hospice care. However, informal family caregivers, who are primarily responsible for daily patient care, also experience negative symptoms, especially at the end of the patient’s life. While research has attended to patient symptom progression in home hospice, little research focuses on caregiver symptoms. To address this, we examined the frequency of both patient and caregiver symptoms to determine how these symptoms change in the last two months of the patient’s life. Sixty-three cancer hospice caregivers from 4 US states prospectively reported daily patient and caregiver symptoms via an Interactive Voice Response phone system. We analyzed data from up to the last 60 days of the patient’s life. Most caregivers were female (71.4%), Caucasian (88.9%), spouses of the patient (46%); average age was 59 years old (SD=13). Patients were mostly female (54%), with diverse solid tumor cancer diagnoses, and 72 years old (SD=11) on average. Most commonly reported moderate-to-severe patient symptoms were fatigue (67%), pain (47.5%), and loss in appetite (42.3%). Most common moderate-to-severe caregiver symptoms were fatigue (57.8%), trouble sleeping (45.1%), anxiety (52%), and depression (40.4%). Patient and caregiver symptoms were significantly correlated (Pearson r = .51, p&lt;.001). Mixed-effects models found that both patient and caregiver symptoms (collapsed by week) worsened as patient death approached (ps &lt;.01). Researchers and clinicians who are aware of the strong relationship between patient and caregiver symptoms are best able to address caregiver symptoms as part of hospice care, particularly as patient death approaches.

A Network Perspective of Value Co-Creation in Cross-Border Relationships: Changing from 'One of Them' to 'One of Us'

<p>For SME exporters, developing an effective value co-creation strategy appears to be a good way to overcome resource constraints and other market structural barriers in internationalisation. As an emerging topic in the marketing literature, value co-creation is mainly studied in B2C markets, and the understandings of value co-creation are still quite fragmented and abstract with limited empirical investigations. Inspired by the recent development of the business network theory and S-D logic, my thesis presents a new theoretical framework for value co-creation in cross-border business relationships. Through an in-depth case study, this research confirms ten propositions in relation to the theoretical framework and identifies the most important motives, attributes and outcomes of value co-creation. Some insights in the case are unique to value co-creation, such as hierarchical resource integration. The findings in this research indicate that the co-creation of symbolic value and the emerging value co-creation network will benefit participating firms and also attract more firms to join. Compared with other types of business relationships, the uniqueness of value co-creation is the significant interplay of trust and resource integration. More importantly, this study shows the creation of a novel network, including both B2C and B2B markets, which is wider than the integration of the prior individual networks. Overall, this new value co-creation network is competitive and viable for SME exporters to overcome internationalisation barriers. It also shifts the network position from being ‘one of them’ to becoming ‘one of us’ in the eyes of local network incumbents in the export markets. This is the fundamental goal that a SME exporter may achieve in the export market, for the benefit of long-term survival and growth.</p>

A Network Perspective of Value Co-Creation in Cross-Border Relationships: Changing from 'One of Them' to 'One of Us'

<p>For SME exporters, developing an effective value co-creation strategy appears to be a good way to overcome resource constraints and other market structural barriers in internationalisation. As an emerging topic in the marketing literature, value co-creation is mainly studied in B2C markets, and the understandings of value co-creation are still quite fragmented and abstract with limited empirical investigations. Inspired by the recent development of the business network theory and S-D logic, my thesis presents a new theoretical framework for value co-creation in cross-border business relationships. Through an in-depth case study, this research confirms ten propositions in relation to the theoretical framework and identifies the most important motives, attributes and outcomes of value co-creation. Some insights in the case are unique to value co-creation, such as hierarchical resource integration. The findings in this research indicate that the co-creation of symbolic value and the emerging value co-creation network will benefit participating firms and also attract more firms to join. Compared with other types of business relationships, the uniqueness of value co-creation is the significant interplay of trust and resource integration. More importantly, this study shows the creation of a novel network, including both B2C and B2B markets, which is wider than the integration of the prior individual networks. Overall, this new value co-creation network is competitive and viable for SME exporters to overcome internationalisation barriers. It also shifts the network position from being ‘one of them’ to becoming ‘one of us’ in the eyes of local network incumbents in the export markets. This is the fundamental goal that a SME exporter may achieve in the export market, for the benefit of long-term survival and growth.</p>