scholarly journals GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN GENETIC DOMINANCE OF THE COLOR MORPHS OF THE RED-BACKED SALAMANDER, PLETHODON CINEREUS

Genetics ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Highton
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Epistatic Interaction ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Plethodon Cinereus ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Genetic Dominance ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Greene County

ABSTRACT Female parent-offspring phenotypic data on color morph frequencies in the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, were obtained from two Virginia localities (164 broods from Greene County and 97 broods from Giles County). The color morph data indicate that the striped morph is genetically dominant in Giles County and recessive in Greene County. It is suggested that epistatic interaction of two or more loci is responsible for the difference between the localities.

Correlation between Climate and Distribution of the Color Morphs of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus

Copeia ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (4) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Lotter ◽  
Norman J. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Plethodon Cinereus ◽  
Color Morphs

Effective Breeding Size and the Adaptive Significance of color Polymorphism in the Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) in Illinois, U. S. A.

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Color Polymorphism ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Acris Crepitans ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
Population Breeding ◽  
Cricket Frog

A three year field study was conducted to investigate the adaptive significance of color polymorphism in the cricket frog, Acris crepitans, in Illinois, U. S. A. Effective population breeding sizes were determined at seven different locations. Population characteristics in Illinois were compared with those from Texas. The three color morphs appear to be of equal survival value for cricket frogs in Illinois. Although strong selection may occur in Texas, small effective breeding sizes suggest that chance plays a major role in determining color morph frequencies in Illinois.

scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Mate Selection in the Guppy (Poeciliidae: Poecilia reticulata)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-217
Author(s):  
Andre N. Porter ◽  
Jack S. Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Mate Selection ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Population Heterogeneity ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Color Morphs

Heterogeneity within a population enhances its long-term survival. A fundamental method of maintaining population heterogeneity is the retention of rare or uncommon phenotypes by selective mating strategies. Employing two color morphs, red tuxedo and red, of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata, Poeciliidae), this study was designed to investigate whether P. reticulata females would preferentially seek out heterogeneous groupings of males exhibiting two color morphs. Adult female guppies were exposed simultaneously to two groups of males (n=10); one comprised of only the tuxedo color morph (n=5) and the other of both color morphs (n=5). For the latter group, the ratio of males exhibiting the two colorations was changed incrementally over multiple trials, beginning and ending with homogeneous groupings (5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, 0:5). Experiments were conducted employing a 76 L aquarium partitioned at both ends to house the male groups. Individual females were placed into an acclimation, holding column located in the center compartment of the experimental aquarium. Subsequent to a five minute acclimation period in the holding column, each female was released. Courting behaviors and population affinities (i.e. female location relative to the male compartments) were recorded every five seconds over a five minute observation period. Females did not show a preference for male groupings exhibiting either the 4:1 or 1:4 color ratios. However, females clearly showed affinity for the male groupings of 3:2 and 2:3 (p <0.05). This investigation on female mate choice in P. reticulata clearly reveals that a mating strategy is occurring in this species and that it is frequency-dependent.

scholarly journals A new species of Chromis damselfish from the tropical western Atlantic (Teleostei, Pomacentridae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1008 ◽  
pp. 107-138
Author(s):  
Emily P. McFarland ◽  
Carole C. Baldwin ◽  
David Ross Robertson ◽  
Luiz A. Rocha ◽  
Luke Tornabene
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Deep Reef ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
A New Species

Initially described in 1882, Chromis enchrysurus, the Yellowtail Reeffish, was redescribed in 1982 to account for an observed color morph that possesses a white tail instead of a yellow one, but morphological and geographic boundaries between the two color morphs were not well understood. Taking advantage of newly collected material from submersible studies of deep reefs and photographs from rebreather dives, this study sought to determine whether the white-tailed Chromis is actually a color morph of Chromis enchrysurus or a distinct species. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genes cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I separated Chromis enchrysurus and the white-tailed Chromis into two reciprocally monophyletic clades. A principal component analysis based on 27 morphological characters separated the two groups into clusters that correspond with caudal-fin coloration, which was either known or presumed based on the specimen’s collection site according to biogeographic data on species boundaries in the Greater Caribbean. Genetic, morphological, and biogeographic data all indicate that the white-tailed Chromis is a distinct species, herein described as Chromis vanbebberaesp. nov. The discovery of a new species within a conspicuous group such as damselfishes in a well-studied region of the world highlights the importance of deep-reef exploration in documenting undiscovered biodiversity.

Genetic effects of major QTLs controlling low-temperature germinability in different genetic backgrounds in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Genome ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natsuko Iwata ◽  
Kenji Fujino
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Epistatic Interaction ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Substitution Lines ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines ◽  
Major Qtls ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Segment Substitution

The effects of QTLs are demonstrated basically within the population used in the original QTL analysis as the difference between the alleles of the parental varieties. For the efficient use of QTLs in breeding programs, it is necessary to assess whether the QTL exhibits its genetic effect when it is introgressed into different genetic backgrounds. Extensive studies of tolerance to low temperature at the seed germination stage (called low-temperature germinability) in rice revealed that 2 major QTLs on chromosomes 3 and 11, qLTG3-1 and qLTG11, have large effects. This study assessed the effects of these 2 QTLs from an aus variety, Kasalath, in different genetic backgrounds of 3 japonica varieties, Hoshinoyume, Hayamasari, and Koshihikari. Backcrossed progenies and chromosome segment substitution lines showed that both qLTG3-1 and qLTG11 were effective in the Hoshinoyume and Koshihikari backgrounds, while only qLTG3-1 was effective in the Hayamasari background. The results in this study demonstrated that these 2 QTLs are useful for the improvement of low-temperature germinability in rice breeding programs. The results also indicated that low-temperature germinability in rice is governed by an epistatic interaction of qLTG11.

scholarly journals One of these morphs is not like the others: orange morphs exhibit different escape behavior than other morphs in a color polymorphic lizard

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinsey M Brock ◽  
Indiana E. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Escape Behaviors ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Predator Behavior

Variation in color morph behavior is an important factor in the maintenance of color polymorphism. Alternative anti-predator behaviors are often associated with morphological traits such as coloration, possibly because predator-mediated viability selection favors certain combinations of anti-predator behavior and color. The Aegean wall lizard, Podarcis erhardii, is color polymorphic and populations can have up to three monochromatic morphs: orange, yellow, and white. We investigated whether escape behaviors differ among coexisting color morphs, and if morph behaviors are repeatable across different populations with the same predator species. Specifically, we assessed color morph flight initiation distance (FID), distance to the nearest refuge (DNR), and distance to chosen refuge (DR) in two populations of Aegean wall lizards from Naxos island. We also analyzed the type of refugia color morphs selected and their re-emergence behavior following a standardized intrusion event. We found that orange morphs have different escape behaviors from white and yellow morphs, and these differences are consistent in both of the populations we sampled. Orange morphs have shorter FIDs, DNRs, and DRs, select different refuge types, and re-emerge less often after an intruder event compared to white and yellow morphs. Observed differences in color morph escape behaviors support the idea that morphs have evolved alternative behavioral strategies that may play a role in population-level morph maintenance and loss.

scholarly journals Characterization of dental phenotype in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia using longitudinal data

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Woon Ha ◽  
Yu-Jin Jung ◽  
Han-Sol Bae ◽  
Hyun-Mo Ryoo ◽  
Il-Sik Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Deciduous Teeth ◽  
Cleidocranial Dysplasia ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Maxillary Molar ◽  
Permanent Molars ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Forced Eruption

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the characteristics of the dental phenotype in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) using longitudinal data. Materials and Methods: Twelve unrelated Korean CCD patients were observed using a longitudinal series of radiographs and clinical photographs. Statistical analysis was performed on the dental phenotypic data. Results: Although dysplasia of the clavicles, open fontanelle, and wormian bone were observed in all 12 patients, delayed fusion of the mandibular symphysis was found in four patients. One patient did not have a supernumerary tooth (ST). However, 62 STs were found in 11 patients (mean, 5.6 per patient; range of ST emergence, 5 years 6 months–14 years 8 months; developing position, occlusal to the permanent incisors, canines, and premolars and distal and apical to the permanent molars). The mandibular premolar region was the most frequent area of ST development (50.0%, P &lt; .001). All 12 patients showed impacted permanent teeth (IPT), including one patient without ST (mean, 17.8 per patient). Impaction occurred most frequently in the mandibular premolar region and least frequently in the maxillary molar region (93.8% vs 39.6%, P &lt; .01). The ratio of spontaneous eruption of IPT after removal of retained deciduous teeth and/or ST was highest for the maxillary and mandibular incisors (all 54.6%) and lowest for the mandibular canines and premolars (26.7% and 28.9%, respectively); however, the difference was not significant. Conclusions: The emergence time and development position of ST and the root development of IPT should be considered to determine the timing for the removal of ST and forced eruption of IPT.

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