Nests placements and spawning in the endangered horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (Leach, 1819) (Merostomata: Xiphosurida: Limulidae) in Sabah, Malaysia

Horseshoe crab populations are declining worldwide, and Tachypleus tridentatus (Leach, 1819) has recently been classified as Endangered in the IUCN Redlist. Among the keys for species survival is successful reproduction. Although there are reports on the reproduction, particularly details on the spawning behaviour, of the American species, Limulus polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758), information on Southeast Asia species is very scant. This field study reports the nesting activities of T. tridentatus at Jambongan Island, Sabah, Malaysia. Observation were carried out on 16 spawning pairs that were spotted during full and new moon from April-July 2016 in Sabah. Nest placements, number of nests, number of eggs, time spent at each nest, and nest widths, depth, and distance from the highest tide line were recorded for each pair. Tachypleus tridentatus generally laid an average of 967 ± 54.1 eggs/nest (171–2,282) in as many as nine nests on the intertidal zone between 125 and 940 cm from the highest tide. The first nest was dug once the tide began rising, followed by the consecutive nests towards the highest tide line with nest depths ranging between 13 and 22 cm. The complete spawning session (first nest to the last) ended in less than two hours. Time spent in spawning correlates positively with the number of nests and the total number of eggs laid by each spawning female. The spawning area, which is made up mainly by fine and medium-size sediment grains, also experience stable temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen conducive for egg-laying and larval development for successful reproduction. The details of spawning are important for planning successful future conservation initiatives for the species, especially in tropical regions.