Sudden Mortality in Captive White-Tailed Deer With Atypical Infestation of Winter Tick

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika T Machtinger ◽  
Hayley R Springer ◽  
Jessica E Brown ◽  
Pia U Olafson
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Good Physical Condition ◽  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Cervus Canadensis ◽  
Winter Tick

Abstract In October 2020, three captive male white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus [Zimmermann] (artiodactyla: Cervidae), were found dead in central Pennsylvania and a fourth was euthanized due to extreme lethargy. The deer presented with high burdens of Dermacentor albipictus (Packard) (Ixoda: Ixodidae) (winter tick). There were no other clinical symptoms and deer were in otherwise good physical condition with no observed alopecia. Winter tick epizootics have been associated with mortalities of moose, Alces alces [Linnaeus] (artiodactyla: cervidae), and more recently elk, Cervus canadensis [Erxleben] (artiodactyla: cervidae), in Pennsylvania, but have not been reported in white-tailed deer. Mild winters are favorable to winter ticks and deer producers and managers should be aware of possible infestations as a result.

Suitability of moose, elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer as hosts for winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2300-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Welch ◽  
W. M. Samuel ◽  
C. J. Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
North American ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Mule Deer ◽  
Odocoileus Hemionus ◽  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Winter Tick

We evaluated the suitability of four species of North American Cervidae as hosts for the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) by comparing the numbers and weights of engorged female ticks recovered from experimentally infested moose (Alces alces), elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Each host was exposed to approximately equivalent infestations (~1 larva/cm2). A higher percentage of ticks were recovered as engorged females from moose (8.0%) than from elk (0.23%) or mule deer (0.60%). No engorged female ticks were recovered from white-tailed deer. Female ticks engorged on moose were larger (0.533 ± 0.169 (SD) g) than those engorged on elk (0.414 ± 0.136 g) or mule deer (0.418 ± 0.138 g). Alopecia occurred on all infested animals but was extensive only on moose. Our findings support field data suggesting that moose are the most important and the most severely affected hosts of winter ticks.

Mortality assessment of moose (Alces alces) calves during successive years of winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) epizootics in New Hampshire and Maine (USA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jones ◽  
P. Pekins ◽  
L. Kantar ◽  
I. Sidor ◽  
D. Ellingwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Histologic Examination ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Southern Fringe ◽  
Winter Tick

Populations within ecological communities constantly fluctuate due to a multitude of interactions that can be influenced by climate change. Moose (Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758)) populations in northern New Hampshire and western Maine, subunits of the largest regional moose population in the continental United States, are suspected to be declining due to increasing frequency of winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus Packard, 1869) epizootics that cause >50% late-winter mortality of 9- to 12-month-old calves. To investigate this hypothesis, we collected general health measurements of calves captured at two study sites in January 2014–2016 and subsequently performed field necropsies and histologic examination of tissues of those radio-marked calves that died during winter and spring. At capture, calves (n = 179) were in normal (66%) and thin (32%) physical condition with high infestations of winter ticks. Most (88%) mortalities (n = 125) were associated with moderate to severe infestations of winter ticks. Gross necropsies and histologic examination found high tick infestations, emaciation, anemia, and endoparasitism; lungworm (species of the genus Dictyocaulus Railliet and Henry, 1907) was also found in most (87%) calves. Three consecutive years (2014–2016) of winter tick epizootics is unprecedented in the region, rare in North America, and arguably reflects a host–parasite relationship strongly influenced by climate change at the southern fringe of moose habitat.

Winter Tick (Dermacentor albipictus)–Associated Dermatitis in a Wild Elk (Cervus canadensis) in Pennsylvania, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Calvente ◽  
Nicole Chinnici ◽  
Justin Brown ◽  
Jeremiah E. Banfield ◽  
Jason W. Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Cervus Canadensis ◽  
Winter Tick

scholarly journals Prevalence of Winter Ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) in Hunter-Harvested Wild Elk (Cervus canadensis) from Pennsylvania, USA (2017–2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Calvente ◽  
Samantha Pelletier ◽  
Jeremiah Banfield ◽  
Justin Brown ◽  
Nicole Chinnici
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tick Infestation ◽  
Severe Winter ◽  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Cervus Canadensis ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Winter Tick ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Tick Burden ◽  
Tick Load

Winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) are an aggressive one-host tick that infest a wide-diversity of ungulates. Infestations can result in anemia, alopecia, emaciation, and death. Most notably, the winter tick has caused negative impacts to moose (Alces alces) populations in the northeast United States and Canada. Winter ticks have been identified on other cervid species, including deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and elk (Cervus canadensis), which generally results in low tick burdens and mild or no disease. Recently, however, a wild yearling bull elk in Pennsylvania was found dead as a result of severe winter tick infestation. To obtain baseline data on winter ticks in wild elk in Pennsylvania, we collected 1453 ticks from 190 hunter-harvested wild elk between 2017–2018. Of the 204 harvested elk, 94.3% (190/204) had ticks collected for this study and none of the sampled elk had evidence of winter-tick associated disease. The average tick burden was 7.7 ticks/elk and average winter tick load on all elk was 0.5. Results of this study indicate that winter ticks do infest wild elk in Pennsylvania. However, during the fall months, the tick burden is low and rarely associated with lesions. These data herein serve as a baseline to monitor winter tick populations over time.

Grooming by moose (Alces alces) infested with the winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Acari): a mechanism for premature loss of winter hair

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1255-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Alces Alces ◽  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Winter Tick

Grooming behaviors of 13 captive moose (Alces alces) experimentally infested with winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus) were identified, quantified, and compared with those of 11 uninfested moose form October to June. Grooming by infested moose was more frequent and of longer duration than grooming by uninfested moose. It occurred extensively in March and April, when ticks were gorging on blood, and resulted in premature loss of winter hair. Uninfested moose groomed little throughout the study and only lost hair in May and June as part of the spring molt. Grooming by infested moose diminished in May and June, when ticks had dropped from moose. Grooming behaviors included licking/biting, rubbing, scratching with the hooves, and shaking. The implications of these behaviors for moose are discussed.

Low and high thermal tolerance characteristics for unfed larvae of the winter tick Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae) with special reference to moose

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Holmes ◽  
Cameron J. Dobrotka ◽  
David W. Farrow ◽  
Andrew J. Rosendale ◽  
Joshua B. Benoit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Dermacentor Albipictus ◽  
Winter Tick

scholarly journals Technical Review of The Role Physical Conditions in Football

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Awang Firmansyah ◽  
Reza Aziz Prasetya ◽  
Muchamad Arif Al Ardha
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Technical Review ◽  
Role Physical ◽  
Good Physical Condition ◽  
Football Training ◽  
Physical Components

Football requires good physical condition in playing and competing. There are four phases in football training, namely physical, technical, tactical and mental. This study discusses the physical conditions required in the sport of football and was analyzed using the review method against references published online, related to physical conditions. In this research, it shows that the physical components in football are very influential in the game. Limited this study does not analyze matches. Research related to physical components has been widely used such as strength, flexibility, speed, endurance and anthopometric conditions, namely arm length, leg length.

EVALUATING THE THRESHOLD DENSITY HYPOTHESIS FOR MOOSE (ALCES ALCES), WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS), AND PARELAPHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. McGraw ◽  
Ron A. Moen ◽  
Louis Cornicelli ◽  
Michelle Carstensen ◽  
Véronique St-Louis
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Threshold Density ◽  
Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis
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