When Children Refuse School

Author(s):  
Christopher A. Kearney ◽  
Anne Marie Albano

When Children Refuse School: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach, Parent Workbook is designed to help parents work with a therapist to help their children who currently have difficulties attending school. This workbook defines school refusal behavior, describes how situations might be evaluated, and shows what parents and therapists can do to get children back into school with less distress. Parents should use this workbook with a qualified therapist who is concurrently using the therapist guide to treat the child’s school refusal behavior. Problematic school absenteeism is the primary focus of the treatment program covered in the workbook. Youths who complete high school are more likely to be successful at social, academic, occupational, and economic aspects of functioning than youths who do not. Youths with problematic school absenteeism are at risk for lower academic performance and achievement, lower reading and mathematics test scores, fewer literacy skills, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, grade retention, involvement with the juvenile justice system, and dropout. The treatment program presented in this guide is designed for youths with primary and acute school refusal behavior. The program is based on a functional model of school refusal behavior that classifies youths on the basis of what reinforces their absenteeism.

Author(s):  
Christopher A. Kearney ◽  
Anne Marie Albano

Problematic school absenteeism is the primary focus of When Children Refuse School: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach, Therapist Guide. Youths who complete high school are more likely to experience greater success at social, academic, occupational, and economic aspects of functioning than youths who do not. Youths with problematic school absenteeism are at risk for lower academic performance and achievement, lower reading and mathematics test scores, fewer literacy skills, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, grade retention, involvement with the juvenile justice system, and dropout. The treatment program presented here is designed for youths with primary and acute school refusal behavior. The program is based on a functional model of school refusal behavior that classifies youths on the basis of what reinforces absenteeism. For children who refuse school to avoid school-based stimuli that provoke negative affectivity, the treatment uses child-based psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, gradual reintroduction (exposure) to the regular classroom setting, and self-reinforcement. For children who refuse school to escape aversive social and/or evaluative situations, the treatment uses child-based psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, cognitive restructuring, gradual reintroduction (exposure) to the regular classroom setting, and self-reinforcement. For youths who refuse school to pursue attention from significant others, parent-based treatment includes modifying parent commands, establishing regular daily routines, developing rewards, reducing excessive reassurance-seeking behavior, and engaging in forced school attendance. For youths who refuse school to pursue tangible rewards outside of school, family-based treatment includes contingency contracts, communication skills, escorting the child to school and from class to class, and peer refusal skills.


Author(s):  
Christopher A. Kearney ◽  
Anne Marie Albano

Chapter 1 introduces the primary focus of this treatment program—problematic school absenteeism. The authors use the term “school refusal behavior” as an overarching construct to represent an inability to maintain age-appropriate functioning vis-à-vis school attendance and/or to adaptively cope with school-related stressors that contribute to nonattendance. School refusal behavior refers to school-aged youths (5–17 years). The treatment program is based on a functional model of school refusal behavior that classifies youths on the basis of what reinforces absenteeism. The procedures are generally cognitive-behavioral in nature. The interventions are sensitive to age and cognitive developmental level as well as key developmental milestones that children and adolescents must achieve. The development of this treatment program and its evidence base, benefits, and risks are presented.


Author(s):  
Christopher A. Kearney

This chapter provides a summary of contextual variables that impact school absenteeism in children and adolescents. Child-oriented contextual variables surround key factors such as psychopathology, poor academic or social competence, history of absenteeism or learning disorder, grade retention, employment, pregnancy, and trauma. Parent-oriented contextual variables surround key factors such as in adequate parenting skills or problematic styles, psychopathology, poor communication with school officials, and low expectations of school performance. Family-oriented contextual variables surround key factors such as homelessness, poverty, problematic dynamics, and cultural and language barriers. Peer-oriented contextual variables surround key factors such as peer pressure or proximity to deviant peers as well as bullying. School-oriented contextual variables surround key factors such as poor school climate, tedious curricula, and minimal monitoring or consequences for absenteeism. Community-oriented contextual variables surround key factors such as economic pull factors and lack of educational support services.


2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Gonzálvez ◽  
Cándido J. Inglés ◽  
Christopher A. Kearney ◽  
Ricardo Sanmartín ◽  
María Vicent ◽  
...  

On the basis of the heterogeneous casuistry that characterizes the students who refuse going to school, it is useful to have a classification of this population in homogeneous groups. For this, the aim of this study was, first, to identify by cluster analysis the profiles of school refusal behavior based on the functional model evaluated through the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (SRAS-S). Secondly, it is intended to analyze if there are differences in social functioning scores according to the school refusal profiles identified. This study involved 1212 Spanish children between 8 and 11 years old (M=9.12, SD=1.05) who completed the SRAS-R to evaluate the school refusal behavior and the Child and Adolescent Social Adaptive Functioning Scale (CASAFS) to assess social functioning. Four profiles were identified: Non-school refusers, School refusers by mixed reinforcements, School refusers by tangible reinforcements and School refusers by negative reinforcements. The profile of Non-school refusers achieved the highest average scores in social functioning, while School refusers by mixed reinforcements group obtained the lowest average scores in social functioning. In general, the profiles found support the clusters identified in previous studies. The implications of social functioning on school refusal behavior are discussed.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110029
Author(s):  
Johan Strömbeck ◽  
Robert Palmér ◽  
Ia Sundberg Lax ◽  
Jonas Fäldt ◽  
Martin Karlberg ◽  
...  

School refusal (SR) can have several negative consequences, but effective treatments are available. When chronic, school absence requires comprehensive treatment. This study evaluates an intervention for SR based on a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) model, Hemmasittarprogrammet (HSP). Attendance, anxiety, depression, quality of life, and emotional and behavioral symptoms were measured at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and follow-up. The participants (n = 84; 69% male) were SR students between 10 and 17 years old and their parents. School attendance increased after treatment and at follow-up. The proportion of students totally absent from school decreased and the number of students with an acceptable level of school attendance increased. Levels of anxiety and depression were lower both post-treatment and at follow-up for the youths and their parents. HSP, a promising treatment program for school refusal, builds on the literature of CBT-based programs, which has been shown to be effective for SR treatment. However, more research about the effectiveness of the program is needed. Future studies should have a stronger research design, include a measure of fidelity, and be evaluated independent of the founders of the program under investigation.


2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Kearney ◽  
Amie Lemos ◽  
Jenna Silverman

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