Movement Disorders

This chapter deals with classic Parkinson’s disease and the main variants such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and the corticobasal syndrome. There are details on chorea, particularly Huntington’s disease, chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod’s syndrome, Sydenham’s chorea, Wilson’s disease. The main varieties of tremor are described as are neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Subsequent parts deal with tics, restless legs syndrome, periodic movements of sleep, and painful legs and moving toes. Several Handles are specified for dystonia and its subdivisions, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, gait disorders, paroxysmal dyskinesias, stereotypies, psychogenic movement disorders, and myoclonus.

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Movement Disorders

Instant Neurological Diagnosis ◽

10.1093/med/9780199361953.003.0008 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 199-248

Author(s):

Christopher H. Hawkes ◽

Kapil D. Sethi ◽

Thomas R. Swift

Keyword(s):

Multiple System Atrophy ◽

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ◽

Restless Legs Syndrome ◽

Movement Disorders ◽

Gait Disorders ◽

Iron Accumulation ◽

Corticobasal Syndrome ◽

Brain Iron ◽

Psychogenic Movement Disorders ◽

Established Disease

This chapter deals with classic Parkinson’s disease and the main variants such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and the corticobasal syndrome. Diagnostic clues from the history, such as prodromal features and symptoms occurring during the established disease phase are described, as well as features apparent on examination. Details are provided on chorea, in particular Huntington’s disease, chorea-acanthocytosis, McLeod syndrome, Sydenham’s chorea and Wilson’s disease The main varieties of tremor are described, likewise neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation. Other sections discuss tics, restless legs syndrome, periodic movements of sleep, painful legs and moving toes. Several diagnostic clues are given for dystonia and its subdivisions, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, gait disorders, paroxysmal dyskinesias, stereotypies, psychogenic movement disorders, and myoclonus.

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Brain iron accumulation in dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome with restless legs syndrome

Sleep Medicine ◽

10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.018 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 1004-1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Laura Lillo-Triguero ◽

Alejandro Del Castillo ◽

María-José Morán-Jiménez ◽

Juan A. Guzmán-De Villoria ◽

Amparo Guillem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Overload ◽

Restless Legs Syndrome ◽

Iron Accumulation ◽

Brain Iron ◽

Restless Legs

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Cerebrospinal Fluid α-Synuclein Species in Cognitive and Movements Disorders

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci11010119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 119

Author(s):

Vasilios C. Constantinides ◽

Nour K. Majbour ◽

George P. Paraskevas ◽

Ilham Abdi ◽

Bared Safieh-Garabedian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Multiple System Atrophy ◽

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy ◽

Movement Disorders ◽

Corticobasal Degeneration ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Frontotemporal Degeneration ◽

Blood Contamination ◽

Dementia Patients ◽

Specificity And Sensitivity

Total CSF α-synuclein (t-α-syn), phosphorylated α-syn (pS129-α-syn) and α-syn oligomers (o-α-syn) have been studied as candidate biomarkers for synucleinopathies, with suboptimal specificity and sensitivity in the differentiation from healthy controls. Studies of α-syn species in patients with other underlying pathologies are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate possible alterations in CSF α-syn species in a cohort of patients with diverse underlying pathologies. A total of 135 patients were included, comprising Parkinson’s disease (PD; n = 13), multiple system atrophy (MSA; n = 9), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 13), corticobasal degeneration (CBD; n = 9), Alzheimer’s disease (AD; n = 51), frontotemporal degeneration (FTD; n = 26) and vascular dementia patients (VD; n = 14). PD patients exhibited higher pS129-α-syn/α-syn ratios compared to FTD (p = 0.045), after exclusion of samples with CSF blood contamination. When comparing movement disorders (i.e., MSA vs. PD vs. PSP vs. CBD), MSA patients had lower α-syn levels compared to CBD (p = 0.024). Patients with a synucleinopathy (PD and MSA) exhibited lower t-α-syn levels (p = 0.002; cut-off value: ≤865 pg/mL; sensitivity: 95%, specificity: 69%) and higher pS129-/t-α-syn ratios (p = 0.020; cut-off value: ≥0.122; sensitivity: 71%, specificity: 77%) compared to patients with tauopathies (PSP and CBD). There are no significant α-syn species alterations in non-synucleinopathies.

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