Limited speech outside the home in a young girl who speaks normally at home

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Sumita Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Behavioral Treatments ◽  
Communication Ability ◽  
Childhood Anxiety Disorder

Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood anxiety disorder characterized by failure to speak in at least one specific social setting such as school, despite the ability to speak in other, more familiar settings. The symptoms must persist for at least one month. Many children with SM also have excessive shyness, poor eye contact, and fear of embarrassment. Despite the failure to speak, the child’s nonverbal communication ability is typically age appropriate and prosocial nonverbal communication such as nodding or giggling is often observed. Since SM frequently co-occurs with other communication disorders, the assessment should include a hearing and speech and language evaluation. Behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are the primary treatments for SM. Medications are most effective when combined with behavioral treatments and may include the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

scholarly journals MUTISMO SELETIVO: considerações teóricas e as contribuições da terapia cognitivo-comportamental

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452
Author(s):  
Matheus Elias dos Santos ◽  
Angela Ketlyn de Brito Souza ◽  
Luciene Costa Araújo Morais
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Behavioral Model ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Childhood Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Social Exposure ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Model

The Selective Mutism is a disorder that affects children, characterized by the lack of oral communication in social exposure environments, being mainly identified at the beginning of the school term. This is a review article, in order to analyze in literature studies on the contributions of Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral at work with children diagnosed with Selective Mutism, and the use of techniques effective for treatment. The literature review occurred through the search for articles in the databases: Pepsic, Scielo, BVS-Psi e Google Scholar. Throughout this research, boolean descriptors and operators were used: “Selective Mutism” AND “Childhood” AND “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy” AND “Treatment”. From the review critical reading of articles, twelve journals were selected, in the period between 2014 and 2020, in which the data was collected and organized through file, until they are analyzed and included in relevant information for the topic. The results found demonstrate that, the treatment of children diagnosed with Selective Mutism must be performed early, considering the social and learning losses related to it. The Cognitive-Behavioral Model has been shown to be effective and supported by methods and techniques that help the treatment of Selective Mutism and other childhood anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Personality traits and treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Corchs ◽  
Fábio Corregiari ◽  
Ygor Arzeno Ferrão ◽  
Tania Takakura ◽  
Maria Eugênia Mathis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Temperament And Character Inventory ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Character Inventory ◽  
Poor Treatment

OBJECTIVE: Comorbidity with personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive patients has been widely reported. About 40% of obsessive-compulsive patients do not respond to first line treatments. Nevertheless, there are no direct comparisons of personality traits between treatment-responsive and non-responsive patients. This study investigates differences in personality traits based on Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory scores between two groups of obsessive-compulsive patients classified according to treatment outcome: responders and non-responders. METHOD: Forty-four responsive and forty-five non-responsive obsessive-compulsive patients were selected. Subjects were considered treatment-responsive (responder group) if, after having received treatment with any conventional therapy, they had presented at least a 40% decrease in the initial Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score, had rated "better" or "much better" on the Clinical Global Impressions scale; and had maintained improvement for at least one year. Non-responders were patients who did not achieve at least a 25% reduction in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores and had less than minimal improvement on the Clinical Global Impressions scale after having received treatment with at least three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (including clomipramine), and at least 20 hours of cognitive behavioral therapy. Personality traits were assessed using Temperament and Character Inventory. RESULTS: Non-responders scored lower in self-directedness and showed a trend to score higher in persistence than responders did. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that personality traits, especially self-directedness, are associated with poor treatment response in obsessive-compulsive patients.

Treatment Modifications Based on Childhood Anxiety Diagnosis: Demonstrating the Flexibility in Manualized Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Grover ◽  
Alicia A. Hughes ◽  
R. Lindsey Bergman ◽  
Julie Newman Kingery
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Relaxation Training ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Selective Mutism ◽  
Childhood Anxiety ◽  
Separation Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Treatment Manual ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment

The current article presents suggestions for modifications to common manualized treatments to tailor the interventions to specific anxiety diagnoses and common comorbid diagnoses. The authors utilize one cognitive-behavioral treatment manual (Coping Cat; Kendall, 2000) to demonstrate appropriate clinical accommodations. As the majority of cognitive-behavioral treatment manuals contain both skill (e.g., relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, problem solving) and exposure components, suggestions for accommodations are grouped into relevant skill or exposure sections. Recommended modifications include a focus on imaginal exposure for generalized anxiety disorder, involvement of parents in the treatment of separation anxiety disorder, completion of a variety of in vivo exposures for social phobia, and involvement of school personnel in the treatment of selective mutism. Brief recommendations are also included for common comorbid symptoms of depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Excessive, uncontrollable worries

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Somatic Complaints ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive anxiety and worry that is difficult to control. The worry is accompanied by at least one of restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, or sleep disturbance. Anxiety may present with crying episodes, temper tantrums, and irritability in children. Compared to adults, youth are also more likely to report somatic complaints associated with anxiety such as gastrointestinal upset, headaches, and sweating. Psychotherapies for GAD include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and parent guidance to decrease accommodating behaviors. Pharmacotherapy options include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).

A teenager who spends hours scrutinizing her skin

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Kevin M. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Repetitive Behaviors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Mental Acts ◽  
Excessive Grooming

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an obsessive-compulsive and related disorder characterized by a preoccupation with a perceived defect or flaw in physical appearance that is not observable or appears slight to others. Individuals with BDD engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response to appearance concerns such as comparing, excessive grooming, skin picking, mirror checking, or reassurance seeking. Females are much more likely to be affected and the disorder typically begins in adolescence. Many patients do not divulge their symptoms to medical providers unless specifically asked. The first-line medication class for BDD is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Patients with BDD tend to require relatively high doses of SSRIs, and a relatively longer trial duration of 12 to 16 weeks is required to determine response. Research on the most effective psychotherapeutic treatments remains limited; however, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may be a reasonable approach.

Recurrent episodes of intense fear, shortness of breath, racing heart, and sweating

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Christina L. Macenski
Keyword(s):  
Panic Disorder ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Panic Attack ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Intense Fear ◽  
Therapy Intervention ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

Panic disorder consists of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks accompanied by persistent worry about future attacks and/or a maladaptive change in behavior related to the attacks. A panic attack is defined as an abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes that occurs in conjunction with several other associated symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Features of panic disorder that are more common in adolescents than in adults include less worry about additional panic attacks and decreased willingness to openly discuss their symptoms. All patients with suspected panic disorder should undergo a medical history, physical examination, and laboratory workup to exclude medical causes of panic attacks. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) including interoceptive exposures is the gold standard therapy intervention. Medications including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) can also help reduce symptoms.

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