Conduct disorders and antisocial personality disorder in childhood and adolescence
Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders are the most common mental health problems in childhood. They have a poor prognosis if left untreated, with increased crime, violence, drug misuse, academic failure, dependence on state welfare, psychosis, and early death. A number of children additionally have callous-unemotional traits, and they are at risk for going on to develop antisocial personality disorder, which has its origins in childhood. Children with comorbid callous-unemotional traits or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have a high genetic contribution to their problems and reduced functioning in the limbic and prefrontal areas. There have been over 100 randomized controlled trials of interventions, with evidence-based parenting programmes repeatedly being shown to be effective in both the short and the longer term. There is emerging evidence that they may help prevent personality disorder. In the absence of ADHD, medication has no role to play in the routine management of oppositional defiant and conduct disorders.