Echocardiography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahrai Saeed ◽  
Eva Gerdts
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Cryptogenic Stroke ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Risk Sources ◽  
Ischaemic Attack ◽  
And Function ◽  
Current Guidelines

Current guidelines recommend extensive cardiovascular imaging in patients who experience ischaemic stroke or a transient ischaemic attack to prevent recurrent stroke. High-quality echocardiography is crucial for detection of the wide range of cardiac and proximal aortic conditions that can predispose to cerebral embolism. These conditions may be classified as major, minor, or uncertain risk sources of embolism. Although both transthoracic (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) have substantial clinical utility in patients with cryptogenic stroke, these methods offer complementary information. TOE is typically used for assessment of defects in the atrial septum or detection of thrombus in the left atrial appendage. In contrast, TTE is the recommended method for assessment of cardiac chamber structure and function, and valvular disease. Furthermore, assessment of aortic stiffness and electrocardiography may offer additional insight to cardiac function. This chapter gives an overview of the use of echocardiography in ischaemic stroke patients.

scholarly journals Secondary prevention medication persistence and prognosis of acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack

2021 ◽  
pp. svn-2020-000471
Author(s):  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Junfeng Shi ◽  
Yuesong Pan ◽  
Zixiao Li ◽  
Hongyi Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Medication Persistence ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Composite Events ◽  
Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Level I

IntroductionThe risk of disability and mortality is high among recurrent stroke, which highlights the importance of secondary prevention measures. We aim to evaluate medication persistence for secondary prevention and the prognosis of acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) in China.MethodsPatients with acute ischaemic stroke or TIA from the China National Stroke Registry II were divided into 3 groups based on the percentage of persistence in secondary prevention medication classes from discharge to 3 months after onset (level I: persistence=0%, level II: 0%<persistence<100%, level III: persistence=100%). The primary outcome was recurrent stroke. The secondary outcomes included composite events (stroke, myocardial infarction or death from cardiovascular cause), all-cause death and disability (modified Rankin Scale score=3–5) from 3 months to 1 year after onset. Recurrent stroke, composite events and all-cause death were performed using Cox regression model, and disability was identified through logistic regression model using the generalised estimating equation method.Results18 344 patients with acute ischaemic stroke or TIA were included, 315 (1.7%) of whom experienced recurrent strokes. Compared with level I, the adjusted HR of recurrent stroke for level II was 0.41 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.54) and level III 0.37 (0.28 to 0.48); composite events for level II 0.41 (0.32 to 0.53) and level III 0.38 (0.30 to 0.49); all-cause death for level II 0.28 (0.23 to 0.35) and level III 0.20 (0.16–0.24). Compared with level I, the adjusted OR of disability for level II was 0.89 (0.77 to 1.03) and level III 0.82 (0.72 to 0.93).ConclusionsPersistence in secondary prevention medications, especially in all classes of medications prescribed by the physician, was associated with lower hazard of recurrent stroke, composite events, all-cause death and lower odds of disability in patients with acute ischaemic stroke or TIA.

scholarly journals 237 Systematic Review of Fibrinogen and Risk of Recurrent Stroke and Vascular Events after Ischaemic Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii1-iii16
Author(s):  
John J McCabe ◽  
Eimear O'Reilly ◽  
Sarah Coveney ◽  
Ronan Collins ◽  
Simon Cronin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Vascular Events ◽  
Ischaemic Attack

Abstract Background Inflammation is thought to play an important role in atherosclerotic stroke mechanisms. There is growing interest in the prognostic role of inflammatory biomarkers as risk factors for recurrent vascular events, after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Elevated fibrinogen levels are independently-associated with the risk of first-ever stroke. However, the prognostic value of fibrinogen, after ischaemic cerebrovascular events is uncertain. Methods We searched EMBASE and Ovid Medline, from 1970-January 2019, for any study that measured Fibrinogen after stroke or TIA, and related it to the risk of recurrent stroke or recurrent vascular events. All records were assessed by 2 independent reviewers. Any disagreements between authors regarding eligibility were resolved by consensus. Results We identified 2,520 publications, of which, 15 articles from 16 individual studies were eligible (11 observational cohorts, 3 cohort studies within randomized control trials, 2 case-control studies). The sample size for recurrent stroke and recurrent vascular events was 9,963 and 7,381 patients, in 11 and 10 studies, respectively. The time from event to phlebotomy was <7 days in 5, 7-90 days in 6, and >90 days in 5 studies, respectively. There was marked heterogeneity in statistical methodologies employed to examine the relationship between fibrinogen and outcomes, which did not allow valid meta-analysis (above/below specified threshold (n=4), differences in means/medians (n=5), risk per unit increase (n=1), per standard deviation (n=3), per quartile (n=1), per decile (n=1) or not specified (n=1)). 4 studies adjusted for all conventional vascular risk factors (age, smoking, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia/statin use, and hypertension). 2 of 11 studies found a positive association with recurrent stroke. 5 of 10 studies found a positive association with recurrent vascular events. Conclusion The prognostic value of Fibrinogen after stroke or TIA remains unclear. Standardised methods and fully-adjusted multivariable analysis are needed in future prognostic studies.

scholarly journals Effects of aspirin on risk and severity of early recurrent stroke after transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: time-course analysis of randomised trials

The Lancet ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 388 (10042) ◽  
pp. 365-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M Rothwell ◽  
Ale Algra ◽  
Zhengming Chen ◽  
Hans-Christoph Diener ◽  
Bo Norrving ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Randomised Trials ◽  
Ischaemic Attack

scholarly journals Atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke and transient ischaemic attack – The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke (NOR-FIB) Study: Rationale and design

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ratajczak-Tretel ◽  
Anna Tancin Lambert ◽  
Henriette Johansen ◽  
Bente Halvorsen ◽  
Vigdis Bjerkeli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Cryptogenic Stroke ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Stroke Study ◽  
Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation Burden ◽  
Rhythm Monitoring

Purpose Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is often suspected as a probable cause of cryptogenic stroke. Continuous long-term ECG monitoring using insertable cardiac monitors is a clinically effective technique to screen for atrial fibrillation and superior to conventional follow-up in cryptogenic stroke. However, more studies are needed to identify factors which can help selecting patients with the highest possibility of detecting atrial fibrillation with prolonged rhythm monitoring. The clinical relevance of short-term atrial fibrillation, the need for medical intervention and the evaluation as to whether intervention results in improved clinical outcomes should be assessed. Method The Nordic Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke Study is an international, multicentre, prospective, observational trial evaluating the occurrence of occult atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke and transient ischaemic attack. Patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischaemic attack from the Nordic countries are included and will have the Reveal LINQ® Insertable cardiac monitor system implanted for 12 months for atrial fibrillation detection. Biomarkers which can be used as predictors for atrial fibrillation and may identify patients, who could derive the most clinical benefit from the detection of atrial fibrillation by prolonged monitoring, are being studied. Conclusion The primary endpoint is atrial fibrillation burden within 12 months of continuous rhythm monitoring. Secondary endpoints are atrial fibrillation burden within six months, levels of biomarkers predicting atrial fibrillation, CHA2DS2-VASc score, incidence of recurrent stroke or transient ischaemic attack, use of anticoagulation and antiarrhythmic drugs, and quality of life measurements. The clinical follow-up period is 12 months. The study started in 2017 and the completion is expected at the end of 2020.

scholarly journals Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel for acute high risk transient ischaemic attack and minor ischaemic stroke: a clinical practice guideline

BMJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. k5130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kameshwar Prasad ◽  
Reed Siemieniuk ◽  
Qiukui Hao ◽  
Gordon Guyatt ◽  
Martin O’Donnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Minor Stroke ◽  
Strong Recommendation ◽  
Ischaemic Attack

What is the role of dual antiplatelet therapy after high risk transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke? Specifically, does dual antiplatelet therapy with a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel lead to a greater reduction in recurrent stroke and death over the use of aspirin alone when given in the first 24 hours after a high risk transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke? An expert panel produced a strong recommendation for initiating dual antiplatelet therapy within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms, and for continuing it for 10-21 days. Current practice is typically to use a single drug

scholarly journals Triple versus guideline antiplatelet therapy to prevent recurrence after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: the TARDIS RCT

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (48) ◽  
pp. 1-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M Bath ◽  
Lisa J Woodhouse ◽  
Jason P Appleton ◽  
Maia Beridze ◽  
Hanne Christensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Antiplatelet Therapy ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Acute Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attack ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Antiplatelet Agents ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Ischaemic Attack

BackgroundTwo antiplatelet agents are better than one for preventing recurrent stroke after acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Therefore, intensive treatment with three agents might be better still, providing it does not cause undue bleeding.ObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficacy of intensive therapy with guideline antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke and TIA.DesignInternational prospective randomised open-label blinded end-point parallel-group superiority clinical trial.SettingAcute hospitals at 106 sites in four countries.ParticipantsPatients > 50 years of age with acute non-cardioembolic ischaemic stroke or TIA within 48 hours of ictus (stroke).InterventionsParticipants were allocated at random by computer to 1 month of intensive (combined aspirin, clopidogrel and dipyridamole) or guideline (combined aspirin and dipyridamole, or clopidogrel alone) antiplatelet agents, and followed for 90 days.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the incidence and severity of any recurrent stroke (ischaemic, haemorrhagic; assessed using the modified Rankin Scale) or TIA within 90 days by blinded telephone follow-up. Analysis using ordinal logistic regression was by intention to treat. Other outcomes included bleeding and its severity, death, myocardial infarction (MI), disability, mood, cognition and quality of life.ResultsThe trial was stopped early on the recommendation of the Data Monitoring Committee after recruitment of 3096 participants (intensive,n = 1556; guideline,n = 1540) from 106 hospitals in four countries between April 2009 and March 2016. The incidence and severity of recurrent stroke or TIA did not differ between intensive and guideline therapy in 3070 (99.2%) participants with data [93 vs. 105 stroke/TIA events; adjusted common odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 1.20;p = 0.47]. Major (encompassing fatal) bleeding was increased with intensive as compared with guideline therapy [39 vs. 17 participants; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.23, 95% CI 1.25 to 3.96;p = 0.006]. There were no differences between the treatment groups in all-cause mortality, or the composite of death, stroke, MI and major bleeding (aHR 1.02, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.35;p = 0.88).LimitationsPatients and investigators were not blinded to treatment. The comparator group comprised two guideline strategies because of changes in national guidelines during the trial. The trial was stopped early, thereby reducing its statistical power.ConclusionsThe use of three antiplatelet agents is associated with increased bleeding without any significant reduction in recurrence of stroke or TIA.Future workThe safety and efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy (combined aspirin and clopidogrel) versus aspirin remains to be defined. Further research is required on identifying individual patient response to antiplatelets, and the relationship between response and the subsequent risks of vascular recurrent events and bleeding complications.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN47823388.FundingThis project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full inHealth Technology Assessment; Vol. 22, No. 48. See the NIHR Journal Library website for further project information. The Triple Antiplatelets for Reducing Dependency after Ischaemic Stroke (TARDIS) vanguard phase was funded by the British Heart Foundation (grant PG/08/083/25779, from 1 April 2009 to 30 September 2012) and indirect funding was provided by the Stroke Association through its funding of the Stroke Trials Unit, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. There was no commercial support for the trial and antiplatelet drugs were sourced locally at each site. The trial was sponsored by the University of Nottingham.

scholarly journals Short-term results of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale guided by transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with cryptogenic stroke: A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilong Guo ◽  
Zhensu Shi ◽  
Yin Zheng ◽  
Caichan Xie ◽  
Jiao Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Cryptogenic Stroke ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Interventional Therapy ◽  
Stroke Recurrence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Amplatzer Occluder ◽  
Group A

Background: This study aimed to assess the short-term (12 months) results of PFO occlusion guided by transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and the results of regular transthoracic ultrasound foaming test (UFT). Methods: Data of 75 patients who underwent interventional therapy for PFO and CS were retrospectively analysed. The patients were grouped according to their preoperative UFT results: group A, small volume of right-to-left shunts; group B, moderate volume of right-to-left shunts; and group C, large volume of right-to-left shunts. All patients were treated with an Amplatzer occluder under TEE guidance. UFT follow-up was conducted regularly until 12 months after surgery. Results: No remarkable differences in preoperative data, length of hospital stay, or operative time were noted between the groups. Length of the PFO and diameter of the occluder differed between the groups: group A=group Bp<0.001). One patient in group C developed recurrent stroke 11 months postoperatively. Two patients in group C developed atrial arrhythmia, which improved after 3 months of antiarrhythmic treatment. However, 19 patients still had positive UFT results 12 months postoperatively. Furthermore, the positive UFT rate 12 months postoperatively differed between the groups: group A=group Bp<0.05). Conclusions: In patients with PFO and CS, interventional therapy guided by TEE could lead to satisfactory short-term (12 months) outcomes. A longer PFO and preoperative large-volume shunt were negatively associated with a negative UFT rate 12 months postoperatively. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship between positive UFT results postoperatively and stroke recurrence.

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