Aviation medicine

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0200 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1656-1664

Author(s):

Michael Bagshaw

Keyword(s):

Ground Level ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Dissociation Curve ◽

Aircraft Cabin ◽

Oxyhaemoglobin Dissociation Curve ◽

Steep Part ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Passenger Aircraft ◽

Transmission Of Disease

Travel by air is a safe means of transport, but puts people at various physiological risks and is a potential means of spreading infectious disease. Physiological risks associated with flying include hypoxia, as atmospheric pressure falls with altitude. The minimum cabin pressure in commercial passenger aircraft (565 mm Hg, 75.1 kPa) brings a healthy individual’s arterial P along the plateau of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve until just at the top of the steep part, but does not cause desaturation. By contrast, people with respiratory disease and a low arterial oxygen pressure may desaturate, which can be overcome by administering 30% oxygen, this being equivalent to breathing air at ground level. There is no evidence that the pressurized aircraft cabin itself encourages transmission of disease, and recirculation of cabin air is not a risk factor for contracting symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection.

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Post Covid-19: Outbreak of Mucormycosis

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.35392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (VI) ◽

pp. 1999-2007

Author(s):

Ajit Kawale

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Pulmonary Mucormycosis ◽

Clinical Recovery ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Wide Range ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Loss Of Hearing ◽

Transmission Of Disease

The main aim of Corona is transmission of disease from person to person, and it had also been declared as a global pandemic which has caused disaster in the respiratory system of more than five million people and killed more than half a billion people across the world. Patients surviving from Covid-19 have lower immunosuppressive CD4+ T and CD8+ T Cells. And most of the patients are in severe need of mechanical ventilation. This is the reason for a longer stay in hospital for a particular patient. Gradually, these patients have been discovered to develop fungal co-infection. This infection is deadly leading to loss of hearing, loss of sight and eventually death. The fungal infection is referred to as Mucormycosis, the black fungus. The causative agent for this infection is Mucormycotina which is a member of Mucorales. Mucormycotina usually habitats in soil and decaying organic matter. The infection of Mucormycotina is associated with a wide range of human diseases including arthritis, gastritis, renal disorders and pulmonary diseases. This infection is closely associated with the mucous layer of skin, precisely cutaneous layer. This infection is present in the nasal and upper respiratory tract. In the lower respiratory tract these infections are difficult to diagnose and treat due to the lack of precise methods. It was found those neutroponia patients are more prone to this infection. This is caused by extensive use of chemotherapy resulting in impaired immunity. In recent times, in the case of pulmonary Mucormycosis, necrotizing pneumonia is a major symptom. A combination of antifungal and antimicrobial agents is being used for a higher clinical recovery in the Mucormycosis case.

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Pitfalls in the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951100002444 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 408-410

Author(s):

Michael Schiemmer ◽

Gerald Tulzer ◽

Maria Wimmer

Keyword(s):

Arteriovenous Malformation ◽

Arteriovenous Malformations ◽

Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽

Pulmonary Angiography ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

The Right ◽

Enhanced Computed Tomography ◽

Diagnostic Pitfalls

SummaryA homogeneous opacity of the right upper lobe was found radiographically in a 15-month-old male child during investigation of an upper respiratory tract infection. Based on computerized tomography, the diagnosis was made of a solid tumor of the lung. At thoracotomy, dilated serpentine vessels were found on the surface of the right upper lobe, and the diagnosis of a large arteriovenous malformation was considered. Use of enhanced computed tomography without contrast and failure to note a reduced arterial oxygen saturation were two diagnostic pitfalls. The diagnosis of an arteriovenous malformation was confirmed by pulmonary angiography, and a right upper lobectomy was successfully performed.

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A Study on the Acute and Long-Term Effects of Hydrogen Chloride on Respiratory Response and Pulmonary Function and Morphology in the Baboon

Journal of Fire Sciences ◽

10.1177/073490419301100601 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 459-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Harold L. Kaplan ◽

Walter G. Switzer ◽

Robert K. Hinderer ◽

Antonio Anzueto

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Pulmonary Function ◽

Minute Volume ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Papio Cynocephalus ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

High Concentrations

Because of its wide acceptance as a surrogate for man, the ba boon was used to investigate the acute and long-term effects of HCl in primates and to evaluate the validity of claims that humans are much more sensitive than rodents. Four groups of three anesthetized adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were exposed for 15 minutes to air (controls) or to one of three targeted concentrations of HCl, i.e., 500, 5000 or 10,000 ppm. The animals responded to the HCl atmospheres with an increase in respiratory frequency and minute volume, which appeared to be concentration-related and was statis tically significant in comparison of the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals with the controls. This increased ventilatory response to high concentrations of HCl appeared to be an attempt by the animals to compensate for the rapid decrease in arterial oxygen pressure probably caused by broncho-constriction of airways of the upper respiratory tract. Pulmonary function and CO 2 challenge response tests at three days and three, six, and twelve months' postexposure did not show any exposure-related, long-term effects except in the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals. These results were consistent with the absence of observed effects on breathing pattern and of significant respiratory tract pathology except in ani mals exposed to 10,000 ppm HCl. The results of this study indicate that deep lung penetration of HCl in primates is minimal, except at very high concentra tions, because of the effective removal (scrubbing) of HCl by the moist oral and nasal mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.

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