A Study on the Acute and Long-Term Effects of Hydrogen Chloride on Respiratory Response and Pulmonary Function and Morphology in the Baboon

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Kaplan ◽  
Walter G. Switzer ◽  
Robert K. Hinderer ◽  
Antonio Anzueto
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
High Concentrations

Because of its wide acceptance as a surrogate for man, the ba boon was used to investigate the acute and long-term effects of HCl in primates and to evaluate the validity of claims that humans are much more sensitive than rodents. Four groups of three anesthetized adult male baboons (Papio cynocephalus) were exposed for 15 minutes to air (controls) or to one of three targeted concentrations of HCl, i.e., 500, 5000 or 10,000 ppm. The animals responded to the HCl atmospheres with an increase in respiratory frequency and minute volume, which appeared to be concentration-related and was statis tically significant in comparison of the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals with the controls. This increased ventilatory response to high concentrations of HCl appeared to be an attempt by the animals to compensate for the rapid decrease in arterial oxygen pressure probably caused by broncho-constriction of airways of the upper respiratory tract. Pulmonary function and CO 2 challenge response tests at three days and three, six, and twelve months' postexposure did not show any exposure-related, long-term effects except in the 10,000 ppm HCl-exposed animals. These results were consistent with the absence of observed effects on breathing pattern and of significant respiratory tract pathology except in ani mals exposed to 10,000 ppm HCl. The results of this study indicate that deep lung penetration of HCl in primates is minimal, except at very high concentra tions, because of the effective removal (scrubbing) of HCl by the moist oral and nasal mucosa of the upper respiratory tract.

Acute and Long-Term Effects of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Smoke on the Respiratory System of the Baboon and a Comparison with the Effects of Hydrogen Chloride (HCl

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Kaplan ◽  
Walter G. Switzer ◽  
Robert K. Hinderer ◽  
Antonio Anzueto
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Pulmonary Function Tests ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Arterial Blood

The acute and long-term effects of smoke produced by flaming and nonflaming combustion of PVC were investigated in the baboon and com pared with those produced by HCl. Four groups of three anesthetized adult male baboons ( Papio cynocephalus) were exposed for 15 minutes to air (con trols), flaming or nonflaming PVC smoke containing a targeted 5000 ppm con centration of HCl, or to HCl at a targeted concentration of 5000 ppm. The ani mals responded to flaming or nonflaming PVC smoke with an increase in frequency and minute volume, accompanied by decreased arterial pH and PaO2 and increased PaCO2 values. Although pulmonary function tests, CO2 chal lenge tests, or arterial blood gas measurements in PVC smoke-exposed animals showed sporadic differences from controls at 90, 180, or 360 days postexposure, the results did not indicate the development of impaired pulmonary function. These results were consistent with the absence of exposure-related respiratory tract pathology, although an inflammatory cell response was noted in the minor airways of one animal exposed to flaming PVC smoke. The effects of flam ing or nonflaming PVC smoke were generally similar to those of HCl, in dicating that HCl is retained in the upper respiratory tract, even in the pres ence of particulates in smoke.

Effect of sulfur baths on the upper respiratory tract and hearing organ

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 856-856
Author(s):  
N. Bobrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Hearing Organ ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The question of the effect of H2S on the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the hearing organ is currently not yet sufficiently developed. Observations of Dr. Mogilnitsky on patients with sulfur baths suggest that H2S acts directly on the mucosa of the upper airways, causing its hyperaemia, increased secretion and reduction of atrophic phenomena; long-term action of H2S, on the contrary, increases atrophic phenomena.

Potential immunological effects of fermentable fibres in athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana Torquati ◽  
Steven Tamburo ◽  
Andrea Macusi ◽  
Alessandra Brunetti ◽  
Chiara Iengo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Bowel Function ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Rugby Players

AbstractRecent findings point at novel benefits of specific fibres, like inulin, as their fermentation metabolites can improve mucosal immunity and protect against infections (1,2). This outcome is desirable for athletes, who are at increased exposure to oxidative damage and thus risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). However, whether inulin can improve immune function in athletes is unknown. We investigated the effect of supplementation with inulin-enriched foods on salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA), a marker of immunity associated with URTI, in rugby players. We hypothesised that inulin supplementation would increase sIgA, and such change would be greater than that observed in a group following a diet without inulin supplementation. Ten rugby players volunteered for this pilot study (24.2 ± 5.4 years, 93.2 ± 18.7 kg). Participants were randomly assigned to either control (CON) or intervention diet (IN) for 3-weeks; and provided with 2% inulin-enriched pasta and bread (IN) or the same products without inulin (CON), to be consumed as part of a prescribed diet plan. sIgA was measured before and after each condition by collecting saliva with validated swabs, and was quantified with enzyme-linked immunoassay. Differences within and between groups were assessed with paired-samples t-test and ANOVA, respectively. Relationships between inulin intake and sIgA were explored with Spearman's correlation and regression analysis. There was a significant increase in sIgA following inulin supplementation (p = 0.002), which was significantly different to CON (+ 53.6 ± 44.7 and 5.8 ± 37.2 mg/dL, p = 0.054). Average inulin intake was 10.9 ± 1.6 g/day, and it was positively associated with sIgA (rs = 0.661, p = 0.038) and correlated with sIgA changes (r2 = 0.438, p = 0.037). There were no significant differences in energy intake between and within groups (p > 0.10). There were no reports of upper-respiratory tract or other infections during the study period (winter). Some IN participants reported improved bowel function. Inulin-enriched products could represent a simple approach to promote mucosal immunity and gut health in athletes. Larger controlled trials are warranted to confirm the dose-response and long-term effects of inulin supplementation including metabolic and performance outcomes.

scholarly journals Homeopathy in the Age of Antimicrobial Resistance: Is It a Viable Treatment for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections?

Homeopathy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 107 (02) ◽  
pp. 099-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Fixsen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Background Acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and their complications are the most frequent cause of antibiotic prescribing in primary care. With multi-resistant organisms proliferating, appropriate alternative treatments to these conditions are urgently required. Homeopathy presents one solution; however, there are many methods of homeopathic prescribing. This review of the literature considers firstly whether homeopathy offers a viable alternative therapeutic solution for acute URTIs and their complications, and secondly how such homeopathic intervention might take place. Method Critical review of post 1994 clinical studies featuring homeopathic treatment of acute URTIs and their complications. Study design, treatment intervention, cohort group, measurement and outcome were considered. Discussion focused on the extent to which homeopathy is used to treat URTIs, rate of improvement and tolerability of the treatment, complications of URTIs, prophylactic and long-term effects, and the use of combination versus single homeopathic remedies. Results Multiple peer-reviewed studies were found in which homeopathy had been used to treat URTIs and associated symptoms (cough, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis, etc.). Nine randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and 8 observational/cohort studies were analysed, 7 of which were paediatric studies. Seven RCTs used combination remedies with multiple constituents. Results for homeopathy treatment were positive overall, with faster resolution, reduced use of antibiotics and possible prophylactic and longer-term benefits. Conclusions Variations in size, location, cohort and outcome measures make comparisons and generalisations concerning homeopathic clinical trials for URTIs problematic. Nevertheless, study findings suggest at least equivalence between homeopathy and conventional treatment for uncomplicated URTI cases, with fewer adverse events and potentially broader therapeutic outcomes. The use of non-individualised homeopathic compounds tailored for the paediatric population merits further investigation, including through cohort studies. In the light of antimicrobial resistance, homeopathy offers alternative strategies for minor infections and possible prevention of recurring URTIs.

scholarly journals Congenital Neutropenia in Children: Evaluation of Infectious Complications, Treatment Results and Long-Term Outcome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Işık Odaman Al ◽  
Yeşim Oymak ◽  
Tuba Hİlkay Karapınar ◽  
Melek Erdem ◽  
Salih Gözmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Congenital Neutropenia ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Objective: Infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality for patients with congenital neutropenia. In the present study, we report on the incidence, type, localization of documented infections, as well as the clinical features and long-term outcome in patients with congenital neutropenia in our clinic. Method: We performed a retrospective chart review of children with neutropenia seen at our hospital from 2000-2018. The data of 15 patients with congenital neutropenia were included in this study. Clinical and laboratory data were analyzed retrospectively using patients’ files and an electronic data system. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 34 months (range, four months- 150 months) and the median follow-up time was 48 months (range, 13-179 months). The leading causes of hospital admission before the establishment of the diagnosis were upper respiratory tract infection in six, pneumonia in four, gingival stomatitis in three and soft tissue infection in two patients. We reached the documented 74 hospitalization episodes and the most common reasons for hospitalization were pneumonia (35%), fever (21%), stomatitis (16%), cutaneous and deep soft tissue infections (12%). Conclusion: The management of infectious complications in children with congenital neutropenia is crucial. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent infections and permanent organ damage. Congenital neutropenia should be suspected in patients with a history of frequent upper respiratory tract infection, and necessary investigations should be performed accordingly. However, it should be kept in mind that the clinical findings of the patients may vary despite having the same mutation.

Inhalation Experiments with Cigarette Smoke / Inhalationsexperimente mit Cigarettenrauch

1966 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Dontenwill ◽  
G. Reckzeh ◽  
L. Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Filtration Capacity

AbstractThe experimental results of the present paper and the knowledge gained by former inhalation experiments reveal that only those experimental procedures are suitable that make animals inhale high concentrations of smoke during a long period of time. The present results let appear how inhalation experiments are most favourably arranged. It has to be guaranteed that the animals are not endangered and that considerable quantities of smoke are inhaled. The distance between cigarette and animal should be as small as possible. Intervallic smoking seems to be advisable. The well-developed filtration capacity of the upper respiratory tract of animals usually breathing through their nose does not exclude the possibility of making fruitful inhalation experiments with rodents. The value of such experiments does decisively depend on the animal species

Natural History of Primary Autoimmune Neutropenia in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 728-733
Author(s):  
Lars T. Conway ◽  
Mary E. Clay ◽  
William E. Kline ◽  
Norma K. C. Ramsay ◽  
William Krivit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Autoimmune Neutropenia ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Five patients with primary autoimmune neutropenia were evaluated during their first 2 years of life. Their illness resolved spontaneously after 6 to 41 months (median 13 months), and the patients were subsequently followed for 13 to 73 months (median 28 months). None required immunosuppressive therapy to induce remission, and routine antibiotic therapy adequately controlled all infectious episodes. An increased rate of infection, particularly otitis media and upper respiratory tract infection, occurred during the neutropenic period. No other noninfectious illnesses, particularly no other autoimmune diseases, were reported in any of these patients at any time. In each case, resolution of neutropenia paralleled the disappearance of neutrophil autoantibodies which were specific for the NA1 antigen. This report describes the clinical and laboratory findings and the long-term history of primary autoimmune neutropenia in these five patients.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNOVAC VP-4 FOR IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN FREQUENTLY AND LONG-TERM ILL CHILDREN

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Foshina ◽  
T. A. Serova ◽  
I. B. Bisheva ◽  
O. V. Slatinova
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Local Synthesis ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
High Level

Aim.To study the level of specific antibodies of different isotypes to the antigens of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella рneumoniae in the serum, saliva and nazal secret and the concentration of IgA,sIgA,IgG in saliva from frequently and long-term ill children in nasal-oral administration of Immunovac VP-4.Materials and methods.Specific antibodies to S. aureus and K.pneumoniae, contained in saliva, nasal, and serum were determined by the method of enzyme immunoassay. Concentrations of immunoglobulins of classes G, A and sА in saliva were determined by radial immunodiffusion using a commercial kit produced by the NPC «Medical immunology».Results. The high level of specific antibodies contained in the serum and nasal secretions, the level of antibodies in saliva is negligible. The serum is dominated by IgG-isotype antibodies, saliva and nasal secret — antibodies of IgA-isotope. After the introduction of Immunovac VP-4 there was a statistically significant increase in the level of specific antibacterial antibodies in serum, saliva and nasal secret, and increasing levels of IgG and sIgA in saliva.Conclusion. Obtained data demonstratet that the nasal-oral scheme of administration of Immunovac VP-4 frequently and long-term ill children allowed to increase the level of specific antibodies in serum, saliva and nasal secret to bacterial antigens that are part of the vaccine and to normalize the local synthesis of IgG and sIgA, which play a major role in the protection of the respiratory tract and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

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