Biomarkers in acute heart failure
Acute heart failure continues to be a worldwide medical problem, associated with frequent readmissions, high mortality, and a profound economic impact on national health care systems. Biomarkers have shifted the way in which acute heart failure is managed by the cardiologist. The search for the ideal biomarker to aid in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of acute heart failure is ongoing. The natriuretic peptides have come close to an ideal biomarker and prove extremely useful in determining whether acute dyspnoea has a cardiac aetiology. Furthermore, they are useful for prognosis and may have a role in guiding management of heart failure. Additionally, high-sensitivity troponin, sST2, and galectin-3 are increasingly used with mounting clinical evidence for utility. Other emerging acute heart failure biomarkers include mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, bio-adrenomedulin, mid-regional proatrial natriuretic peptide, and procalcitonin.