Evaluation of observational and controlled trials of therapy
The literature on the subject of treatment of glomerular disease is immense (over 15,000 articles in PubMed as of July, 2008). Negotiating this broad and complex panorama can be a difficult task, especially in relationship to the evaluation of the best evidence for a particular treatment strategy for a specific disease entity occurring in an individual patient. Perfection is not attainable in clinical trials of therapy and every report has some pitfall or limitation. Some studies, however, stand out as excellent examples of design and execution. Unfortunately, in the field of treatment of glomerular disease such studies are relatively uncommon. The good news is that well designed and executed studies of treatment of primary glomerular disease are being reported with increasing frequency in recent years. This has occurred in part because of increased collaboration among groups interested in furthering knowledge in this important area of inquiry, but also because of better recognition of the deficiencies of past efforts to study treatment of glomerular disease in clinical trials. Many interinstitutional collaborative studies have been aided by improvements in trial design and by more complete descriptions of the natural history of untreated disease. One of the main weaknesses of clinical studies of therapy in primary glomerular disease is the small numbers of subjects studied in individual reports. This increases the risks of confounding and of both false positive and false negative results. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a concise analysis of the strengths and weakness of the various approaches to the study of therapeutic efficacy and safety of agents used in primary glomerular disease. The focus will be on observational studies, controlled clinical trials, and meta-analyses of published reports. The specific aims are to equip the discerning reader for improved understanding of the evidence-base for therapy of primary glomerular disease. The details of the specific reports and how they can be integrated into an ‘evidence-based’ approach to therapeutic decision-making are dealt with in the chapters devoted to specific disease entities which follow.