Congenital deformities of the breast

2021 ◽  
pp. 1007-1016
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Anomaly ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Breast Augmentation ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Tissue Expansion ◽  
Poland Syndrome ◽  
Tuberous Breast ◽  
Congenital Deformities ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
Tuberous Breast Deformity

Congenital breast anomalies include supernumerary nipples (polythelia) and supernumerary breasts (polymastia) which can be generally found on the embryonic mammary ridge. Absence of the breast occurs less frequently and varying presentations of absence of nipples only (athelia), absence of mammary gland tissue (amazia), or absence of the entire breast (amastia). Tuberous breast deformity is a common congenital anomaly with varying degrees of constriction, hypoplasia, areolar herniation, skin deficiency, and asymmetry. Treatment consists of breast augmentation, either primarily or after tissue expansion, in combination with mastopexy. Gynaecomastia is the development of breast tissue in males. The aetiology is diverse and includes physiological, pathological, acquired, drug-related, and idiopathic causes. Poland syndrome is discussed elsewhere (Chapter 9.2).

One-Stage Correction of Tuberous Breast Deformity Using Saline Implants: Without the Need for Radial Scoring or Lowering the Inframammary Fold

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
Ted Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Breast Augmentation ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Breast Implants ◽  
Inframammary Fold ◽  
Tuberous Breast ◽  
Aesthetic Result ◽  
Breast Deformity ◽  
Areolar Complex ◽  
Tuberous Breast Deformity ◽  
The Imf

Tuberous breasts are a congenital anomaly in which the breasts fail to develop normally. This abnormality may include hypoplasia, a tubular appearance, a higher inframammary fold (IMF), and sometimes a herniated nipple-areolar complex. Correction of tuberous breast deformity (TBD) is traditionally done with a 1-stage breast augmentation with radial scoring of the constricted breast tissue and/or the lowering of the IMF. An alternative 2-stage approach first uses a tissue expander to correct the deformity; the expander is later replaced with a permanent breast implant. Sixteen patients are presented in which a 1-stage correction of TBD was successfully accomplished with saline implants acting as tissue expanders. In all cases, the expansion remedied the deformity without the need for radial scoring of the breast tissue or lowering of the IMF. This approach has not been reported in the literature. Sixteen women (32 breasts) were treated, with TBD ranging from mild to severe. All patients had a breast augmentation with round, smooth saline implants placed through an IMF incision in the dual plane (partially subpectoral and partially submammary). Implants ranged in size from 225 cc to 675 cc. The IMF was never lowered and the breast parenchyma was never radially scored. Three patients had asymmetry requiring breast implants of different sizes, and one had a circumareolar mastopexy to repair a herniated areolar complex. Representative case examples are provided. The average follow-up time was 9 months. All deformities were corrected, and the patients expressed satisfaction with their results. There were no occurrences of hematoma, infection, capsular contracture, or malposition. This review has shown that saline breast implants alone, with their inherent expansion capability, can correct TBD without the increased morbidity associated with radial scoring and lowering the IMF. For patients who choose saline implants, this single-stage, less invasive surgical approach can provide a good aesthetic result.

PR10 DUAL PLANE BREAST AUGMENTATION FOR TUBEROUS BREAST DEFORMITY

2007 ◽  
Vol 77 (s1) ◽  
pp. A64-A64
Author(s):  
A. F. Connell ◽  
D. Y. W. Luo ◽  
J. Y. B. Luo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Augmentation ◽  
Tuberous Breast ◽  
Dual Plane ◽  
Breast Deformity ◽  
Tuberous Breast Deformity

Asymmetry of the breast

2021 ◽  
pp. 1449-1460
Author(s):  
Farida Ali
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Potential Outcomes ◽  
Poland Syndrome ◽  
Breast Asymmetry ◽  
Tuberous Breast ◽  
Breast Deformity ◽  
Tuberous Breast Deformity

Developmental breast asymmetry is common in women and may be associated with significant psychological distress. It may be due to deformity of the breast itself (true) or secondary to abnormalities of the underlying torso (apparent). True breast asymmetry may be congenital or acquired. This chapter gives an overview of the aetiology and classification of developmental breast asymmetry and discusses the clinical evaluation of women presenting with breast asymmetry. Congenital breast asymmetry, subdivided into hypoplastic, hyperplastic, and deformational, is discussed. The abnormalities and challenges specific to Poland syndrome and tuberous breast deformity are described. For each subdivision, the surgical techniques available to correct the deformity are reviewed. The limitations of surgery and potential outcomes are discussed.

scholarly journals Tuberous breast deformity: A modified technique for single-stage correction

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (02) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Aggarwal ◽  
Niri S. Niranjan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Breast Reduction ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Tuberous Breast ◽  
Breast Deformity ◽  
Aesthetic Results ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Tuberous Breast Deformity

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tuberous breast deformity is one of the most challenging congenital breast anomalies. Severe forms present as hypoplasia of lower medial and lateral quadrants and breast base constriction. We present a modified technique based on redistribution of breast tissue for single-stage aesthetic correction of this deformity. Material, Methods and Surgical Technique: The technique is based on Lejour’s method of single vertical scar breast reduction. The breast tissue is divided into three superiorly based pedicles. However, instead of joining the three pedicles, they are spread to redistribute tissue to quadrants which are deficient. This technique is combined with implant insertion if the breast volume is deficient or mastopexy if there is significant ptosis. The level of nipples is matched to achieve symmetry and areolar reduction done where indicated. We have used this for six patients with Type I/II/III (von Heimburg, 2000) tuberous breast deformity. Results and Discussion: The aesthetic results have been very good in terms of shape, volume, symmetry and patient satisfaction. A historical summary of the development of techniques for correction of tuberous breast is presented along with description of our method and its results.

PROTEOME OF MILK FAT GLOBULE MEMBRANE AND MAMMARY GLAND TISSUE IN GOAT FED DIFFERENT LIPID SUPPLEMENTATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 106378
Author(s):  
Iolly Tábata Oliveira Marques ◽  
Fábio Roger Vasconcelos ◽  
Juliana Paula Martins Alves ◽  
Assis Rubens Montenegro ◽  
César Carneiro Linhares Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Fat Globule Membrane ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
Gland Tissue ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Lipid Supplementation ◽  
Fat Globule

scholarly journals Attenuated TGFB signalling in macrophages decreases susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary cancer in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Sun ◽  
Sarah M. Bernhardt ◽  
Danielle J. Glynn ◽  
Leigh J. Hodson ◽  
Lucy Woolford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Cancer ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Tumour Development ◽  
Gland Development

AbstractBackgroundTransforming growth factor beta1 (TGFB1) is a multi-functional cytokine that regulates mammary gland development and cancer progression through endocrine, paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. TGFB1 also plays roles in tumour development and progression, and its increased expression is associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Macrophages are key target cells for TGFB1 action, also playing crucial roles in tumourigenesis. However, the precise role of TGFB-regulated macrophages in the mammary gland is unclear. This study investigated the effect of attenuated TGFB signalling in macrophages on mammary gland development and mammary cancer susceptibility in mice.MethodsA transgenic mouse model was generated, wherein a dominant negative TGFB receptor is activated in macrophages, in turn attenuating the TGFB signalling pathway specifically in the macrophage population. The mammary glands were assessed for morphological changes through wholemount and H&E analysis, and the abundance and phenotype of macrophages were analysed through immunohistochemistry. Another cohort of mice received carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), and tumour development was monitored weekly. Human non-neoplastic breast tissue was also immunohistochemically assessed for latent TGFB1 and macrophage marker CD68.ResultsAttenuation of TGFB signalling resulted in an increase in the percentage of alveolar epithelium in the mammary gland at dioestrus and an increase in macrophage abundance. The phenotype of macrophages was also altered, with inflammatory macrophage markers iNOS and CCR7 increased by 110% and 40%, respectively. A significant decrease in DMBA-induced mammary tumour incidence and prolonged tumour-free survival in mice with attenuated TGFB signalling were observed. In human non-neoplastic breast tissue, there was a significant inverse relationship between latent TGFB1 protein and CD68-positive macrophages.ConclusionsTGFB acts on macrophage populations in the mammary gland to reduce their abundance and dampen the inflammatory phenotype. TGFB signalling in macrophages increases mammary cancer susceptibility potentially through suppression of immune surveillance activities of macrophages.

Spectral Characterization of Fluorescently Labeled Catechol Estrogen 3,4-Quinone-Derived N7 Guanine Adducts and Their Identification in Rat Mammary Gland Tissue

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1339-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Jankowiak ◽  
Dan Zamzow ◽  
Douglas E. Stack ◽  
Rosa Todorovic ◽  
Ercole L. Cavalieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Spectral Characterization ◽  
Mammary Gland Tissue ◽  
Gland Tissue ◽  
Guanine Adducts ◽  
Catechol Estrogen ◽  
Rat Mammary Gland
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