mammary gland development
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Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Wu ◽  
Wondossen Ayalew ◽  
Min Chu ◽  
Jie Pei ◽  
Chunnian Liang ◽  
...  

The mammary gland is a complicated organ comprising several types of cells, and it undergoes extensive morphogenetic and metabolic changes during the female reproductive cycle. RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification event occurring at the RNA nucleotide level, and it drives transcriptomic and proteomic diversities, with potential functional consequences. RNA editing in the mammary gland of yaks, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we used REDItools to identify RNA editing sites in mammary gland tissues in yaks during the lactation period (LP, n = 2) and dry period (DP, n = 3). Totally, 82,872 unique RNA editing sites were identified, most of which were detected in the noncoding regions with a low editing degree. In the coding regions (CDS), we detected 5235 editing sites, among which 1884 caused nonsynonymous amino acid changes. Of these RNA editing sites, 486 were found to generate novel possible miRNA target sites or interfere with the initial miRNA binding sites, indicating that RNA editing was related to gene regulation mediated by miRNA. A total of 14,159 RNA editing sites (involving 3238 common genes) showed a significant differential editing level in the LP when compared with that in the DP through Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference method (p < 0.05). According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, genes that showed different RNA editing levels mainly participated in pathways highly related to mammary gland development, including MAPK, PI3K-Akt, FoxO, and GnRH signaling pathways. Collectively, this work demonstrated for the first time the dynamic RNA editome profiles in the mammary gland of yaks and shed more light on the mechanism that regulates lactation together with mammary gland development.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Artem P. Dysin ◽  
Olga Y. Barkova ◽  
Marina V. Pozovnikova

Milk is an integral and therefore complex structural element of mammalian nutrition. Therefore, it is simple to conclude that lactation, the process of producing milk, is as complex as the mammary gland, the organ responsible for this biochemical activity. Nutrition, genetics, epigenetics, disease pathogens, climatic conditions, and other environmental variables all impact breast productivity. In the last decade, the number of studies devoted to epigenetics has increased dramatically. Reports are increasingly describing the direct participation of microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, in the regulation of mammary gland development and function. This paper presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about the roles of miRNAs in mammary gland development, health, and functions, particularly during lactation. The significance of miRNAs in signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, and the lipid metabolism in agricultural ruminants, which are crucial in light of their role in the nutrition of humans as consumers of dairy products, is discussed.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Urhan Bai ◽  
Xiaohu Su ◽  
Zhong Zheng ◽  
Liguo Zhang ◽  
Ying Ma ◽  
...  

Abstract We characterized the proteome profile of mid-lactation small-tailed Han (STH) and DairyMeade (DM) ovine milk in order to explore physiological variation and differences in milk traits between the two breeds. Methodology combined a tandem mass tag (TMT) proteomic approach with LC-MS/MS technology. A total of 656 proteins were identified in STH and DM ovine milk, of which 17and 29 proteins were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) in STH and DM, respectively. Immune-related proteins and disease-related proteins were highly expressed in STH milk, whereas S100A2 and AEBP1 were highly expressed in DM milk, which had beneficial effects on mammary gland development and milk yield. Our results provide a theoretical basis for future breeding of dairy sheep.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana To ◽  
Carson Broeker ◽  
Jing-Ru Jhan ◽  
Rachel Rempel ◽  
Jonathan P Rennhack ◽  
...  

The development of breast cancer has been observed due to altered regulation of mammary gland developmental processes. Thus, a better understand of the normal mammary gland development can reveal possible mechanism in how normal cells are re-programmed to become malignant cells. E2F1-4 are part of the E2F transcription factor family with varied roles in mammary development. However, little is known about the role of E2F5 in mammary gland development. A combination of scRNAseq and predictive signature tools demonstrate the presence of E2F5 in the mammary gland and showed altered activity during the various phases of mammary gland development and function. Testing the hypothesis that E2F5 regulates mammary function, we generated a mammary-specific E2F5 knockout mouse model, resulting in modest mammary gland development changes. However, after a prolonged latency the E2F5 conditional knockout mice developed highly metastatic mammary tumors with metastases in both the lung and liver. Transplantation of the tumors revealed metastases to lymph nodes that was enriched through serial transplantation. Through whole genome sequencing and RNAseq analysis we identified, and then confirmed in vivo, that Cyclin D1 was dysregulated in E2F5 conditional knockout mammary glands and tumors. Based on these findings, we propose that loss of E2F5 leads altered regulation of Cyclin D1, which facilitates the development of mammary tumors.


2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Mellado ◽  
Evaristo Carrillo-Moreno ◽  
Ángeles de Santiago ◽  
Ulises Macías-Cruz ◽  
José E. García ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Weizhen Chen ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Liya Yu ◽  
Xin Zhang ◽  
Fujing Huang ◽  
...  

Baicalin, the main flavonoid component extracted from Scutellaria roots, has a variety of biological activities and is therefore used in the treatment of many kinds of diseases. However, whether baicalin affects the normal development of tissues and organs is still unclear. Here, using a mouse mammary gland model, we investigated the effects of baicalin on the expansion of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) and mammary development, as well as breast cancer progression. Interestingly, we found that baicalin administration significantly accelerates duct elongation at puberty, and promotes alveolar development and facilitates milk secretion during pregnancy. Furthermore, self-renewal of MaSCs was significantly promoted in the presence of baicalin. Moreover, in a tumor xenograft model, baicalin promoted tumor growth of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, but suppressed tumor growth of the ZR-751 cell line. Mechanistically, baicalin can induce expression of the protein C receptor, while inhibiting the expression of the estrogen receptor. Transcriptome analysis revealed that baicalin is involved in signaling pathways related to mammary gland development, immune response, and cell cycle control. Taken together, our results from comprehensive investigation of the biological activity of baicalin provide a theoretical basis for its rational clinical application.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252954
Author(s):  
Silje Modahl Johanson ◽  
Erik Ropstad ◽  
Gunn Charlotte Østby ◽  
Mona Aleksandersen ◽  
Galia Zamaratskaia ◽  
...  

The ability of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with endocrine disrupting properties to interfere with the developing reproductive system is of increasing concern. POPs are transferred from dams to offspring and the high sensitivity of neonates to endocrine disturbances may be caused by underdeveloped systems of metabolism and excretion. The present study aimed to characterize the effect of in utero and lactational exposure to a human relevant mixture of POPs on the female mammary gland, ovarian folliculogenesis and liver function in CD-1 offspring mice. Dams were exposed to the mixture through the diet at Control, Low or High doses (representing 0x, 5000x and 100 000x human estimated daily intake levels, respectively) from weaning and throughout mating, gestation, and lactation. Perinatally exposed female offspring exhibited altered mammary gland development and a suppressed ovarian follicle maturation. Increased hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymatic activities indirectly indicated activation of nuclear receptors and potential generation of reactive products. Hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed from weaning until 30 weeks of age and could potentially lead to hepatotoxicity. Further studies should investigate the effects of human relevant mixtures of POPs on several hormones combined with female reproductive ability and liver function.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Li ◽  
Mingjun San ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Anlan Yang ◽  
Wanhua Xie ◽  
...  

AbstractOxytocin receptor (OXTR) is involved in social behaviors, thermoregulation, and milk ejection, yet little is known about its role in breast cancer. To investigate the role of OXTR in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis, a transgenic mouse model of OXTR overexpression (++Oxtr) was used. Overexpression of OXTR-induced progressive mammary hyperplasia, unexpected milk production, and tumorigenesis in females. OXTR-induced mammary tumors showed ERBB2 upregulation and mixed histological subtypes with predomination of papillary and medullary carcinomas. OXTR overexpression led to an activation of prolactin (PRL)/p-STAT5 pathway and created a microenvironment that promotes mammary-specific tumorigenesis. PRL inhibitor bromocriptine (Br) could mitigate OXTR-driven mammary tumor growth. The study demonstrates Oxtr is an oncogene and a potential drug target for HER2-type breast cancer.


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