Metagnostic Narratives

Metagnosis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 261-297
Author(s):  
Danielle Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Oral History ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Selection Of

This chapter begins Part IV: Looking Forward. It explores a selection of metagnostic stories drawn from memoir and oral history, tracing the narrative trajectory of recognition, subversion, and renegotiation and comparing a range of accounts. First are revelations of autism spectrum disorder, in which individuals absorb a diagnosis in midlife and seek to reconcile it with their experience, often renegotiating the terms of identity, normalcy, and pathology. Second is a discussion of prosopagnosia, and particular experiences understood in the context of an individual’s life experiences. Third is ADHD as a paradigmatic case of contemporary metagnosis, given its changing criteria and prevalence, raising questions concerning medicalization and the role of pharmacology. Fourth is synesthesia—not understood as pathological, but offering a complementary metagnostic example. Throughout, the themes and patterns of these accounts are discussed in relation to the metagnostic narrative arc discussed in Part III.

scholarly journals A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on metaphor comprehension in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Do task properties matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1421-1454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Kalandadze ◽  
Valentina Bambini ◽  
Kari-Anne B. Næss
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Response Format ◽  
Metaphor Comprehension ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience difficulty in comprehending metaphors compared to individuals with typical development (TD). However, there is a large variation in the results across studies, possibly related to the properties of the metaphor tasks. This preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis (a) explored the properties of the metaphor tasks used in ASD research, and (b) investigated the group difference between individuals with ASD and TD on metaphor comprehension, as well as the relationship between the task properties and any between-study variation. A systematic search was undertaken in seven relevant databases. Fourteen studies fulfilled our predetermined inclusion criteria. Across tasks, we detected four types of response format and a great variety of metaphors in terms of familiarity, syntactic structure, and linguistic context. Individuals with TD outperformed individuals with ASD on metaphor comprehension (Hedges’ g = −0.63). Verbal explanation response format was utilized in the study showing the largest effect size in the group comparison. However, due to the sparse experimental manipulations, the role of task properties could not be established. Future studies should consider and report task properties to determine their role in metaphor comprehension, and to inform experimental paradigms as well as educational assessment.

Observational Effects on the Food Preferences of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 108835762095436
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Cihon ◽  
Mary Jane Weiss ◽  
Julia L. Ferguson ◽  
Justin B. Leaf ◽  
Thomas Zane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Observational Learning ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Food Selectivity ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Learning Procedure ◽  
Reversal Design ◽  
Selection Of

Research addressing food selectivity has involved intrusive techniques such as escape extinction. It is possible that observational learning methods employed in previous studies could provide the desired results with respect to food selectivity without the need for invasive physical interventions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an observational learning procedure on the selection of food items of three children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Baseline consisted of a simple task after which a choice was presented between high- and low-preferred foods. The intervention consisted of observing an adult engage in the same task and selecting the low-preferred food while making favorable comments and engaging with the food in novel ways. The results of a reversal design demonstrated that selection of the low-preferred food only occurred following the introduction of the intervention, and all three participants engaged in flexible responding as a result of the intervention.

scholarly journals Role of fruits, grains, and seafood consumption in blood cadmium concentrations of Jamaican children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1134-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Rahbar ◽  
Maureen Samms-Vaughan ◽  
Aisha S. Dickerson ◽  
Katherine A. Loveland ◽  
Manouchehr Ardjomand-Hessabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Seafood Consumption ◽  
Blood Cadmium

scholarly journals Hypothesis: The Role of Sterols in Autism Spectrum Disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Y. Lee ◽  
Elaine Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Opitz Syndrome ◽  
Membrane Physiology

A possible role for sterols in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has not been proven, but studies in disorders of sterol biosynthesis, chiefly Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), enable hypotheses on a causal relationship to be discussed. Advances in genetic technology coupled with discoveries in membrane physiology have led to renewed interest for lipids in the nervous system. This paper hypothesizes on the role of sterol dysfunction in ASD through the framework of SLOS. Impaired sonic hedgehog patterning, alterations in membrane lipid rafts leading to abnormal synaptic plasticity, and impaired neurosteroid synthesis are discussed. Potential therapeutic agents include the development of neuroactive steroid-based agents and enzyme-specific drugs. Future investigations should reveal the specific mechanisms underlying sterol dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders by utilizing advanced imaging and molecular techniques.

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