Sanskrit

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-156
Author(s):  
Coulter H. George
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
Poetic Diction ◽  
Rig Veda ◽  
European Family

The chapter begins with a discussion of Sanskrit’s place in the Indo-European family tree, showing how both the roots of individual words and the patterns seen in grammatical endings have close correspondences to Greek, Latin, and English. It also considers some of the features that are especially characteristic of Sanskrit, such as the voiced aspirate stops (seen in words like dharma) and the complex workings of sandhi, whereby the ends of Sanskrit words change their shape to match the sounds that occur at the beginning of the following word. In the second half, it turns to several short excerpts from the Rig Veda, demonstrating not only how its language has more connections to English than one might think at first but also how it draws on some of the same poetic diction found in other Indo-European traditions.

scholarly journals Interrogative stems in Hittite and Tocharian

2018 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-90
Author(s):  
Michaël Peyrot
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
European Family

Abstract Hittite and Tocharian share an interrogative pronominal stem in m-next to the well known Proto-Indo-European interrogative *kʷi-, *kʷe-, *kʷo-. In Tocharian, the m-interrogative is especially frequent as a formative element in several interrogative, relative and indefinite stems. In this paper, these stems are investigated in detail, and it is argued that the Tocharian A interrogative stem ā-posited by Sieg, Siegling & Schulze in their Tocharische Grammatikis a ghost. Although the reconstruction of the m-interrogative for the oldest stage of Proto-Indo-European is beyond any doubt, it is difficult to use this Anatolian-Tocharian isogloss as an argument for the phylogenetic structure of the Indo-European family tree since in the other branches the m-interrogative may have been lost independently.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic and areal models of Indo-European relatedness: The role of contact in reconstruction

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Drinka
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
External Influence ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Linguistic Innovation ◽  
European Family

The Indo-European family has traditionally been viewed as a textbook example of genetically related languages, easily fit onto a family tree model. What is less often recognized, however, is that IE also provides considerable evidence for the operation of contact among these related languages, discernable in the layers of innovation that certain varieties share. In this paper, I claim that the family tree model as it is usually depicted, discretely divided and unaffected by external influence, may be a useful representation of language relatedness, but is inadequate as a model of change, especially in its inability to represent the crucial role of contact in linguistic innovation. The recognition of contact among Indo-European languages has implications not only for the geographical positioning of IE languages on the map of Eurasia, but also for general theoretical characterizations of change: the horizontal, areal nature of change implies a stratification of data, a layered distribution of archaic and innovative features, which can help us grasp where contact, and innovation, has or has not occurred.

Indo-European cladistic nomenclature

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
Thomas Olander
Keyword(s):  
Whole Language ◽  
Family Tree ◽  
Language Family ◽  
European Family

Abstract The study examines the terminology currently in use for the higher-level subgroups of the Indo-European family tree. Based on the observation that the terminology is heterogeneous and confusing, the study discusses the central terms, suggesting that the whole language family and its ancestor should be referred to as “Indo-European” and “Proto-Indo-European” respectively. Under the hypothesis that the three first subgroups to branch off were Anatolian, Tocharian and Italo- Celtic, “Indo-Tocharian” is recommended as a suitable name for the non-Anatolian subgroup, and “Indo-Celtic” for the non-Anatolian and non-Tocharian subgroup.

The lexicalization of the adjective class as an innovative feature in the Indo-European family

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-412
Author(s):  
Luca Alfieri
Keyword(s):  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Rig Veda ◽  
Almost All ◽  
European Family

AbstractThe threefold division noun-verb-adjective is often considered a hallmark of the IE family from the remote PIE phase. However, Alfieri (2016, 2018, forth.) claims that this view is incorrect: while in Latin three major classes of lexemes are found (nouns, verbs and adjectives), in the Sanskrit language of the Rig Veda only two major classes are found (verbal roots and nouns) and the most typical “adjective” (i.e. the Quality Modifier) is a derived stem built on a verbal root meaning a quality. As a consequence, a deep and previously neglected typological change should be reconstructed in the IE family, namely the lexicalization of the adjective class and the change from a parts of speech (PoS) system “without” adjectives and quality concepts verbally encoded, which is still preserved in the RV, to a PoS system with “true” adjectives, which is found in Latin and in almost all other, especially modern and Western, IE languages. In this case, the data in Alfieri (2016, 2018, forth.) are confirmed focusing on the Quality Argument and the Quality Predicate, so as to show that the presence of a lexical class of adjectives is a common development that has come about independently in different branches of the IE family.

scholarly journals The Indo-European Family Tree and its Split – a Report from the Workshop "The Indo-European Family Tree"

LingVaria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Piotr Garbacz
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
Archaeological Methods ◽  
European Family

The paper provides an overview of a number of recent presentations of the Indo-European family tree and the split off its branches, as found in standard textbooks on the topic. These views are contrasted against the results of a workshop, The Indo-European family tree (University of Copenhagen, 15–17 Feb. 2017). Our account specifically addresses whether there are reasons to assume the existence of Italo-Celtic, Graeco-Armenian and what is the position of the Germanic branch in the tree. The use of new archaeological methods, computational cladistics and DNA-studies and their possible importance for diachronic linguistics are also mentioned.

Oral Approach Avoidance

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Godinho ◽  
Margarida V. Garrido ◽  
Oleksandr V. Horchak
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Oral Movements ◽  
Motivational States ◽  
Oral Approach ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
European Family

Abstract. Words whose articulation resembles ingestion movements are preferred to words mimicking expectoration movements. This so-called in-out effect, suggesting that the oral movements caused by consonantal articulation automatically activate concordant motivational states, was already replicated in languages belonging to Germanic (e.g., German and English) and Italic (e.g., Portuguese) branches of the Indo-European family. However, it remains unknown whether such preference extends to the Indo-European branches whose writing system is based on the Cyrillic rather than Latin alphabet (e.g., Ukrainian), or whether it occurs in languages not belonging to the Indo-European family (e.g., Turkish). We replicated the in-out effect in two high-powered experiments ( N = 274), with Ukrainian and Turkish native speakers, further supporting an embodied explanation for this intriguing preference.

Eight Drives and the Family Tree

1967 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
SUSAN DERI
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family

The family tree

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Landy
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree ◽  
The Family

DNA's family tree

Nature ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Family Tree
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