Prozodia, semantyka, styl – o hierarchii poziomów ekwiwalencji w tłumaczeniu piosenki kabaretowej (studium przypadku: polskojęzyczne warianty Money… Freda Ebba)

Prosody, Semantics and Style. On the Hierarchy of Levels of Equivalence in the Translation of Cabaret Songs (Case Study: Polish Versions of Fred Ebb's Money…) The article is a case study and contains a comparative analysis of four variants of the Polish translation of Fred Ebb and John Kander’s song Money… from the musical “Cabaret”. The author of the translation is Wojciech Młynarski, one of the most respected Polish songwriters of the second half of the twentieth century. In the study, an assumption is made that Młynarski, who repeatedly changed versions of his translation, sought to create the most faithful rendition of the songs from the musical for the needs of the Polish stage. His efforts can be observed at four levels of text organization. The translator aimed mainly for sound equivalence, i.e. conformity with the original song in terms of rhythm (word stress), rhyme (consonance) and voice instrumentation and, to a lesser extent, sound imitation. He also cared about pragmatic equivalence by rendering into Polish the original intentions, with particular emphasis on the modes of indirect communication, such as irony and satire. However, other aspects of equivalence remained in the background. Not everywhere the translator managed to keep the cognitive equivalence, i.e. convergence of imagery, by translating scenes and scenarios that were part of cultural knowledge into parallel ones and, more broadly, by trying to evoke similar images in the mind of the reader and listener. His efforts to achieve the effect of broadly understood stylistic equivalence were also noteworthy; only to a small extent they consisted in giving the right stylistic coloring to the individual lexical items which had their English equivalents, and they mainly boiled down to translating stylistic games that did not necessarily cover the same fragments of the song, though were usually based on the same mechanism (a clash between low and high style, absurdity). The analysis shows that the translator adopted tabular rather than linear approach to the original.

Wielojęzyczność w literaturze dokumentu osobistego: funkcje wykładników transkodowych

Multilingualism in the Literature of Personal Document: Functions of Transcode Markers The article is dedicated to semantic functions of transcode markers in Polish émigré literature. Two diaries, written respectively by Gustaw Herling-Grudziński and Jan Lechoń, constitute the exemplification material. The diary genre, similarly to letters and memoirs, lends itself to introducing this kind of markers. Their presence reflects the multilingual competence of the author, as well as his mental, social, and psychological experience. The second language enables broadening the referential space of the first language and conveying emotions. The strategy of code switching depends on the motivation and goal of writing a given text. In Herling-Grudziński’s Journal Written by Night, foreign words from different languages abound. They fulfill several functions in the text, namely: metalinguistic, index and stylistic function. Their presence is justified by the content and by the role adopted by the author – the one of an interpreter of the political and social reality. The Diary by Lechoń is different in terms of types of predominant functions which can be distinguished in his text. Besides commenting on the émigré life, the author focuses on his emotions and experiences. Therefore, index and metalinguistic functions turn out to be the most important. Pointing out different strategies of introducing transcode markers in a text by its author is fundamental for the research on bilingualism in émigré writing.

Komunikacja w przestrzeni miejskiej zmieniająca standardy zachowania w dobie pandemii SARS-CoV-2

Urban Communication and Its Influence on Standards of Behaviour in the Sars-Cov-2 Pandemic The SARS-Cov-2 virus pandemic made it necessary to implement new standards of behaviour in public spaces. As instruments of communication, brief messages in a generally accessible public space aimed at limiting infections by changing social behaviour. This way, such messages contributed to modifying public space in its physical, social and communicative aspects. The article attempts to capture the communicative and linguistic practices used for this purpose.

Germanizmy emotywno-oceniające w gwarach kujawskich: nazwy osób

Emotive-Evaluative Germanisms in the Kuyavian Dialect: Names of Persons The article contributes to the knowledge on the sources of lexical borrowings from German into Polish dialects. The subject of the analysis includes selected names of persons that are Germanisms, characterized by expressiveness, and documented in the Kuyavian dialect. The vocabulary of this region has never been studied in this aspect. The material was taken from the 1st Volume of The Dialect and Culture Dictionary of Kuyavia, and from its file. The term “Germanism” is understood broadly in this paper. Germanisms are considered not only as proper borrowings from the German language and dialects, but also as derivatives which were created in the native Kuyavian land on the basis of German original forms, using various nominative techniques. Four ways of penetrating the German influence into the Polish language were indicated. Various criteria were used in the analysis of these German loans: formal, etymological, semantic and geographical ones. A typology of expressivisms, developed by Stanisław Grabias, was utilised. The article presents seventeen Germanisms in the Kuyavian dialect that define a man in terms of his physicalness, psyche and material status, in the context of the comparison with the semantically similar vocabulary in other regions of Poland and with non-general varieties of Polish. These are names that mostly reflect negative valuation (e.g. gałgan, fagas, huncwot, rojber, ekensztyjer, lofer, lump), and that are already present in the meanings and expressiveness of the German basic forms.

Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Czy historia i filologia mogą umiejętnie rozwiązać swoje zadanie bez ścisłego związku z filozofią, a mianowicie z filozofią historii i filozofią języka?

Can History and Philology Competently Address Their Tasks without a Close Connection with Philosophy, Namely Philosophy of History and Philosophy of Language? The thesis by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay published here is probably the oldest of the texts by the Polish linguist. The text was submitted in 1864 as a part of the logic and philosophy course taught at the Warsaw Main School by Henryk Struve. It clearly shows an attempt by the young researcher to embark on a scholarly path, which turns out to be far from the one Baudouin de Courtenay took later in his academic activity. The future linguist argues here in defence of linguistics as a so-called physical science (a natural skill, as he often calls it in his dissertation), thus contrasting it with philology and history.

Język i językoznawstwo według Krystyny Pisarkowej (1932–2010)

Language and Linguistics According to Krystyna Pisarkowa (1932–2010) Krystyna Pisarkowa’s rich output is characterised by a variety of forms and a wide range of topics, as well as an innovative interpretation of linguistic phenomena. The following paper can be described as biographical and substantive. The text contains certain facts from Pisarkowa’s life that are connected with certain spheres of her scientific activity in which she succeeded, references to people who played a significant role in her life, as well as development of her research interests. The publications which are mentioned in the paper have been selected according to Pisarkowa’s attitude to language, its essence, pragmatic-functional-stylistic variety, as well as potential context and purpose which lies beyond its typical usage. Moreover, an attempt has been made at reconstructing Pisarkowa’s views on the range, shape and place of linguistics among humanistic disciplines.

O coming oucie i wyrażeniach pokrewnych w polszczyźnie

On coming out and Related Constructions in Polish The aim of the present paper is to discuss the English lexical borrowing coming out, together with some related constructions, used in Polish. The construction in question was originally used in Polish in LGBT community to denote the process of disclosing one’s own non-heterosexual orientation; now, however, it has significantly expanded its range of contexts. The construction is thus used in many different contexts, connected with e.g. one’s religion, details about one’s earnings, etc. Interestingly enough, the meaning of other constructions, such as outing, has not been extended. In the article, descriptions of the meanings of the forms in question have been illustrated with numerous examples taken from the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) and the MoncoPL Corpus.

Historia składni języka polskiego Krystyny Pisarkowej – świadectwo zmiany i źródło inspiracji

Krystyna Pisarkowa’s The History of Polish Syntax – The Testimony of Change and the Source of Inspiration The author of the article shows Krystyna Pisarkowa’s monograph as a text which presents a diachronic approach to Polish syntax in a new and modern way, taking into account the times and the Polish linguistic tradition. Focusing on discontinuous phenomena in the history of the Polish language, Pisarkowa separates tendencies and processes typical of each syntactic level. Not only does she discuss traditionally described elements of simple and complex utterances, but she also takes into account the semantic structure of sentences and their pragmatic aspect. Therefore, Historia składni języka polskiego [The History of Polish Syntax] is a testimony of a methodological change and a quest for adequate solutions, as well as a source of inspiration for further generations of researchers.

Pozytywna autoprezentacja jako sposób uwiarygodnienia własnej osoby

Positive Self-presentation as a Way to Authenticate Oneself The article presents an analysis of public speaking in terms of the style of revealing emotions, from self-promotion to self-presentation. Performers show their (desirable) features, building their image and identity, but at the same time they influence decisions of the recipients. Self-presentation behaviours include all activities, both verbal and non-verbal, which, in addition to the persuasion potential, build a positive self-image of the sender and increase his/her attractiveness in the eyes of the interlocutor. The author of the article discusses some examples of such behaviours based on statements and gestures of public figures recorded during television programs, which are perceived as signals and indicators of interpersonal attitude and reactive behaviour.

O referencji innych

On the Reference of inni The study focuses on the adjective inny [other] which appears in sentences in a noun position, yet with the noun absent, e.g. Nie porównuj się do innych; Inni dołączą do nas po 18 [literally in English: Do not compare yourself to others; Others will join as after 6 p.m.]. The analysis focuses on plural (masculine and non-masculine) forms of the adjective, which is related to the assumption that single and plural forms of the expression in question are differentiated functionally. The aim of the analysis is to determine the specificity of the unit as an exponent of reference. The main research issues concerned with the analyzed adjective include an attempt to refute the hypothesis of its substantivization, as well as answering the question whether the unit in its analyzed index (referential) function exhibits features of dictum. The solutions suggested in the study require further investigation, including addressing analyses of referential exponents of synonymous expressions.