Archaeological Research in the Seltpennoe Settlement 2019-2020

The article discusses the results of archaeological research in 2019-2020, conducted on the territory of the village of Selitpennoe in the Astrakhan Region, which overlaps the cultural layer of the Selitrennoe settlement. The characteristic of excavations and pits with the most expressive finds is given. The distribution of archaeological material and numismatic finds in chronological and topographical aspects is analyzed. Two previously unknown urban necropolises and a pottery workshop discovered in the course of research are localized. The dynamics of changes in the area of the medieval city in the 14th -15th centuries is presented. The analysis of the coin case shows the predominance of coins of the 1330s-1350s and the products of the Sarai al-Jedid mint. It is proved by archaeological methods that there is no cultural layer of the 13th century under the modern village. As a result of the materials obtained, the Selitrennoe settlement is identified by the author with the capital of the Ulus of Jochi, the city of Saray al-Jedid.

HISTORY OF GLASS-MAKING FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO THE LATE 1st - EARLY 2nd MILLENNIUM AD: DISCOVERIES, METHODS AND RESEARCH RESULTS PART 1. LATE BRONZE AGE

Статья представляет собой обзор итогов ведущих мировых исследований 1990-2010-х гг. в области древнего стеклоделия эпохи поздней бронзы на территории Месопотамии, Египта, Греции и Малой Азии. Особое внимание уделено новым методам и подходам к изучению древнего стеклоделия (исследование концентраций следовых элементов и изотопного состава стекла), позволившим ставить и решать новые задачи при определении происхождения стекла. Согласно их итогам, стеклоделие уже на раннем этапе существования являлось многоэтапным процессом, в котором варка стекла и изготовление из него изделий были двумя специализированными видами ремесла. Для рассмотренного периода существование стекловаренных центров однозначно подтверждается для Египта и Месопотамии, причем в последнем случае ведущую роль в их выделении играют итоги лабораторных исследований, археологическими методами они не фиксируются. Мастерские микенской Греции и Малой Азии работали на привозных полуфабрикатах их Египта и Месопотамии. Выявлены признаки, позволяющие различать стекло, сваренное в Египте и различных центрах Месопотамии. The paper provides an overview of key world studies conducted in the 1990s-2010s on ancient glass-making in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Asia Minor during the Late Bronze Age. It focuses on new methods and approaches to the studies of ancient glass-making (examination of the concentration of trace elements and the isotopic composition of glass) that offered an opportunity to raise and address new tasks in determining glass provenance. The results of the studies show that, from the very early stage, glass-making was a multi-stage process where melting glass and making glass items were two specialized crafts. For the studied period existence of glass-making centers is reliably established for Egypt and Mesopotamia, in the latter case laboratory studies are of great importance as archaeological methods have not revealed any centers. Glass-making workshops in Mycenaean Greece and Asia Minor used imported raw glass from Egypt and Mesopotamia. Features that can distinguish between the production of Egyptian and Mesopotamian glassmaking centres were singled out.

EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF RANDOMNESS ON MISSING DATA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL NETWORKS

Network science shows promise for archaeologists who want to explore past social dynamics using material culture. Yet, archaeological data is subject to important caveats that exist for all datasets. Almost all archaeological datasets are biased, and these biases are often unknown or only partially understood. Prior research has examined the effects of missing nodes on archaeological networks. Here, we instead focus on the impact of missing links on such networks. We used an agent-based model (ArchMatNet) to generate a simulated, unbiased assemblage of artifacts deposited at sites. We link those sites through the similarity of their artifacts to form the complete network. We also include an obsidian dataset from the US Southwest to compare differences between real and simulated data. We explore how random and nonrandom sampling of the two datasets affect the accuracy of the network reconstructed. Our analysis confirms prior research demonstrating that random samples are representative of the original network, even when they are small, but that biased samples of any size are significantly problematic. This research highlights the need to consider bias in archaeological data and demonstrates the utility of agent-based models in testing archaeological methods. Furthermore, this simulated dataset can better inform how archaeologists judge bias and will help us develop new methods to mitigate the effects of biased data.

PU SAPI DAN LEMBU AGRA: KAJIAN ANTROPONIMI BERDASARKAN ISI PRASASTI JAWA KUNO (ABAD KE-9–16 M)

<p>Javanese literary works, especially the Panji tales, often feature human characters with animal names, such as Kuda Narawangsa, Kebo Kanigara, and Kidangwalangka. This naming phenomenon can also be found in old Javanese inscriptions. Recent studies generally concluded that such naming tradition occurred during the Kadiri-Majapahit era, and this was closely related to the banner of the army and the identity of <em>makasirkasir</em>. This study aims to reveal the motivation behind the naming tradition and the relationship between personal name, social status, and occupation of the person so named throughout the ancient Javanese era. This study uses Nyström’s onomastical approach, especially the concept of anthroponomics, namely the presuppositional meanings of proper names consisting of categorial, associative, and emotive meanings. This research utilized archaeological methods which involved data collection, data processing, and interpretation. Results show that this naming phenomenon was generally motivated by people’s appreciation of certain animals that had a special place and played an important role in the ancient Javanese society and culture. The correlation between the names and the characters’ social status and occupation has been found to be influenced by the sociocultural development during the Ancient Mataram and Kadiri-Majapahit periods.</p>

Development of Contract Archaeology in Southern Africa

Contract archaeology (CA) is a relatively new concept in world archaeology. It first became prominent in the United States five decades ago and in southern Africa four decades ago. Many archaeologists in the region are employed as contract archaeologists. CA has contributed significantly to the development of archaeological methods and techniques and, to a lesser extent, theory. The development of CA in southern Africa experienced an important transition five decades ago. Despite the progression of CA in the region, the quality and standards of reports are major problems. CA structures have to be developed in order to protect cultural heritage from destructive projects. The elaboration of a relevant and active CA program that engages stakeholders is also vital. The future of CA depends on several factors, including strong legislative frameworks and policies that make pre-development studies mandatory, funding of projects, public consultations, and protection of cultural resources. In addition to implementing several cultural heritage structures, the “polluter pays” principle should be reinforced to safeguard southern African cultural heritage. It is important to develop CA statutes that move beyond archaeological studies, pay attention to heritage, and stress intangible heritage.

PENGARUH ETIKA DAN KEBIJAKAN ARKEOLOGI TERHADAP KETIADAAN PERAN ARKEOLOGI DALAM DISKUSI KONFLIK PASCA G/30/S 1965 DI INDONESIA

Abstrak. Konflik pasca G/30/S tahun 1965 merupakan bagian dari sejarah Indonesia yang banyak menuai kontroversi di masyarakat luas bahkan hingga saat ini. Konflik ini menjadi perhatian luas bidang ilmu politik dan sejarah, namun dalam pengungkapannya dibutuhkan metode dan ilmu arkeologi untuk menjelaskan fenomena hasil konflik kontemporer di lapangan. Tiga permasalahan yang akan diajukan adalah sejauh mana keterlibatan arkeolog dalam konflik pascaG/30S, apakah etika dan kebijakan arkeologi menjadi pembatas keterlibatan arkeolog dalam kasus ini, dan bagaimana kebijakan serta etika arkeologi di luar negeri menanggapi kasus serupa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat alasan ketiadaan peran arkeologi terhadap kasus ini dan keterkaitannya dengan etika dan kebijakan arkeologi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan yang dikumpulkan dengan teknik dokumentasi dengan pengolahan data menggunakan analisis konten. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa ketiadaan peranan arkeologi dalam diskusi perkembangan narasi sejarah pascaG/30/S merupakan akibat dari kontradiksi kebijakan dan etika profesi arkeolog Indonesia dengan etika arkeologi secara luas. Penelitian ini berkesimpulan bahwa ketiadaan peran arkeolog dalam perkembangan diskusi narasi sejarah pascaG/30/S memiliki keterkaitan dengan penafsiran kebijakan dan etika profesi arkeologi di Indonesia yang dalam beberapa aspek bertolak belakang dengan etika ilmu arkeologi secara luas. Untuk mencapai peranan arkeologi yang diharapkan sebagaimana telah ditunjukan oleh negara lain dengan kasus serupa, dibutuhkan etika ilmu arkeologi yang lebih diprioritaskan dibandingkan kebijakan nasional dan etika profesi arkeologi. Abstract. The post-G/30/S conflict in 1965 is part of Indonesia's history, which has drawn a lot of controversy in the wide community even today. This conflict has received wide attention in the fields of political science and history. The disclosure requires archaeological methods and science to explain the phenomenon of contemporary conflict results in the field. this article will discuss the extent to which archaeologists are involved in the post-G/30S conflict, whether archaeology ethics and policies are a barrier to archaeologists' involvement in this case, and how foreign archaeological policies and ethics respond to a similar matter. This study aims to understand the reasons for the absence of archaeology's role in this case and its relationship to archaeology ethics and policies in Indonesia. This study uses library research methods collected through documentation techniques with content analysis data processing. The results obtained indicate that the absence of archaeology's role in the discussion of the development of post-G/30/S historical narratives is the result of the contradictions between the policies and ethics of the Indonesian archaeologist profession with archaeology ethics in general. Archaeological ethics need to be considered so that archaeology can play a better role in post-G/30/S historical narratives.

‘The coldest case of all’

During excavations of the Viking-age ring fortress Borgring, Denmark, traces of a devastating fire was uncovered. The National Forensic Services of the Danish Police were invited to participate in a novel collaboration, applying contemporary forensic fire investigation to an archaeological site. This paper presents the results and sets a benchmark for future applications. The investigation leads to a revised reconstruction of the fortress and the development of the fire. The application of fire investigation methods, following the Daubert standard criteria, enhance the documentation and analysis of archaeological sites, while archaeological methods show significant potential at modern fire scenes.

Evidences of Wooden Materials Utilization in Construction of Medieval Mongolian Towns in Eastern Trans-Baikal Region (13th – 14th CC.)

Findings of structures remains discovered during excavations on Medieval Mongolian Sites in Eastern Trans-Baikal Region were summarized in the article. They were excavated during exploration of Alestui Mansion, at Khirkhira fortress, as well as at Konduy town site. The similar findings at Sutai Mansion in Buryatia, at Den-Terek fortress in Tuva, Karakorum, Shangdu, at Avraga fortress in Mongolia can be drawn on for comparison. In addition to traditional archaeological methods of the material investigation, an anatomical study of wood has been accomplished at Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEBRAS (Vladivostok). The study results evidence that some of samples collected belongs to Pinaceae, and one of them is the wood of Larix gmelinii or Dahurian Larch, vegetated in this region. Despite of rarity and fragmentariness of this kind of sources on Medieval sites of Central Asia and Far East, it was found out that the wood of local origin was utilized by the Mongols for monumental objects construction. This research is only a part of work on construction materials investigation of Medieval Mongolian Archaeological Culture.

MANIPULAÇÕES POST-MORTEM DO CORPO HUMANO: Implicações Arqueológicas e Antropológicas

Este trabalho é uma exploração das diferentes estratégias desenvolvidas pelas pessoas para responder ao problema do luto através das ações realizadas no cadáver. A manipulação post-mortem dos corpos regularmente fornece ao arqueólogo "sepulturas secundárias" e ossos "perturbados". Estas duas categorias são referidas com o termo genérico de “ossos na posição secundária” para expressar que os ossos não estão mais conectados e que a posição original do corpo não é mais legível. Estes depósitos são frequentemente subavaliados pelos arqueólogos porque são pouco compreendidos. Tais vestígios implicam uma gestão complexa e planejada do processo fúnebre e gestos / práticas / cerimônias em vários episódios. Eles são, portanto, valiosos para a compreensão de fenômenos sociais e crenças antigas. Esta tese propõe um esclarecimento dos conceitos relativos aos “ossos na posição secundária”, bem como um aprimoramento da metodologia relacionada a esses depósitos específicos.POST-MORTEM MANIPULATIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY: Archaeological and Anthropological ImplicationsABSTRACTHuman remains resulting from sophisticated mortuary treatments represent a preferred information source about the organization of societies and about belief systems of ancient people. Secondary deposits, sacred artefacts made of humain bones or dismembered / scattered burials emerge as precious raw material in order to reconstruct gestures, practices and, finally, the symbolic discourse built around those dead who are selected to become particular protective entities, perhaps Ancestors. An ethnoarcheological study on multiplesteps funerals has been performed in order to improve methods of recognition of these peculiar remains on the archaeological field.Keywords: Ethnoarchaeology; multiple-steps funerals; archaeological methods.

The Rise and Decline(?) of the Modern in Sweden - Reflected through Cultural Resource Management Archaeology

A social and ideological trend that has been most influential in the 20’" century is modernism. It is of interest to closer examine the relationship between archaeology and the western social-liberal modernistic project. The archaeology related to Cultural Resource Management in Sweden is a suitable for a study of this kind. This article tries to illustrate this by presenting a case study from Malmö in Scania, south Sweden. The Swedish modern project went hand in hand with industrialization. This development has been of importance for the accumulation of archaeological data. Modernistic ideas were however also largely to influence archaeological methods and interpretations.