motivational states
Recently Published Documents


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

208
(FIVE YEARS 68)

H-INDEX

26
(FIVE YEARS 3)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitch Brown

Men’s formidability is inferred multimodally through various facial and bodily features. Such inferences frequently provide downstream perceptions of various traits and motivational states that inform subsequent affiliative decisions. Within these inferences could be an implicit understanding of men’s preferred humor styles. Across four studies, this research considered perceptions of men’s proclivity to employ each of the four humor styles through different formidability cues: upper body strength (Study 1), body muscularity (Study 2), facial width-to-height ratio (Study 3), and neck musculature (Study 4). Results indicated a relatively consistent perception of formidable features being diagnostic of men’s interest in aggressive humor. Additional findings indicate certain formidability cues connote a disinterest in self-defeating and self-enhancing humor. Facial and bodily cues finally connoted affiliative humor in different capacities. We frame findings from an evolutionary perspective based on perceptions of the various benefits and costs of different formidability features.


Author(s):  
Luna Carpinelli ◽  
Francesco De Caro ◽  
Giulia Savarese ◽  
Mario Capunzo ◽  
Monica Mollo ◽  
...  

Background: In Italy, the under-30 age category was the one that joined the anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign in an important way. This study investigates the emotional states and motivations underlying joining the anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of SF-12, STAI Y, and open questions was administered to investigate the state of health, the state of anxiety, and motivational states of the participants. Results: Of the sample, 80.7% were vaccinated at the first call, deeming the action important to combat the infection. However, 48.2% stated that they were quite worried about the problems related to the pandemic, 37.3% feared being directly infected, and 43.4% were worried about the health of relatives and friends. Conclusions: The positive impact that the vaccination campaign has had on the under-30 category is very significant for the immunization process, which is of fundamental importance for fighting the pandemic, so the “benefits” outweigh the “risks” related to the COVID-19 vaccine.


NeuroImage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118827
Author(s):  
Anne Saulin ◽  
Ulrike Horn ◽  
Martin Lotze ◽  
Jochen Kaiser ◽  
Grit Hein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Christensen ◽  
Eileen Cardillo ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee

Art promotes knowledge and understanding. Philosophers have debated this proposition, which is referred to as aesthetic cognitivism. Despite its intuitive appeal, few empirical investigations have tested the validity of this claim. In our review, we outline philosophical arguments for and against aesthetic cognitivism. Then, we discuss how empirical aesthetics and neuroscience can contribute to conversations about aesthetic cognitivism, with a focus on visual art. We propose that engagement is necessary to acquire new knowledge and understanding, describe motivational states associated with engagement, and posit who is most likely to experience these states and engage with art. We conclude with a discussion on how aesthetic cognitivism might be measured and modeled. By grounding aesthetic cognitivism in empirical aesthetics, researchers can construct testable hypotheses about art’s role in promoting knowledge and understanding.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Christensen ◽  
Eileen Cardillo ◽  
Anjan Chatterjee

Art promotes knowledge and understanding. Philosophers have debated this proposition, which is referred to as aesthetic cognitivism. Despite its intuitive appeal, few empirical investigations have tested the validity of this claim. In our review, we outline philosophical arguments for and against aesthetic cognitivism. Then, we discuss how empirical aesthetics and neuroscience can contribute to conversations about aesthetic cognitivism, with a focus on visual art. We propose that engagement is necessary to acquire new knowledge and understanding, describe motivational states associated with engagement, and posit who is most likely to experience these states and engage with art. We conclude with a discussion on how aesthetic cognitivism might be measured and modeled. By grounding aesthetic cognitivism in empirical aesthetics, researchers can construct testable hypotheses about art’s role in promoting knowledge and understanding.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monja Hoven ◽  
Nina Sofie de Boer ◽  
Anna E. Goudriaan ◽  
Damiaan Denys ◽  
Mael Lebreton ◽  
...  

Compulsivity is a common phenotype amongst various psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and gambling disorder (GD). Deficiencies in metacognition, such as the inability to properly estimates ones' own performance via well-calibrated confidence judgments could contribute to pathological decision-making in these psychiatric disorders. Earlier research has indeed suggested that OCD and GD patients reside at opposite ends of the confidence spectrum, with OCD patients exhibiting underconfidence, and GD patients exhibiting overconfidence. Recently, several studies established that motivational states (e.g. monetary incentives) influence metacognition, with gain (respectively loss) prospects increasing (respectively decreasing) confidence judgments. Here, we reasoned that the OCD and GD symptomatology might correspond to an exacerbation of this interaction between metacognition and motivational states. We hypothesized GD's overconfidence to be exaggerated during gain prospects, while OCD's underconfidence to be worsened in loss context, which we expected to see represented in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity. We tested those hypotheses in a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design. Our initial analyses showed increased confidence levels for GD versus OCD patients, that could partly be explained by sex and IQ. Although our primary analyses did not support the hypothesized interaction between incentive motivation and groups, exploratory analyses did show increased confidence in GD patients specifically in gain context. fMRI analyses confirmed a central role for VMPFC in the processing of confidence and incentive motivation, but with no differences between the clinical samples.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-728
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Ch. Abdul Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Rafiq

Employee green behavior is a kind of environmentally friendly working environment that forms a key foundation for the execution of a company's current plan for sustainable growth. How does the pro-environmental attitude of an employee affect how they do their activities? We investigated the connection between the pro-environmental attitudes and employee green behavior and the functions of encouraging motivational states and green work climate perceptions in order to obtain an answer to this issue. The results show that the employee green behavior of employees was favorably linked and mediated by controlled and autonomous motivations with environmental views. Furthermore, this research found that green work climate perceptions have moderating role on both controlled and autonomous motivations. Finally, we examine the theoretical and practical implications of our results.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Ross

Traditionally insight occurs after an impasse, that is when a problem solver is aware that she does not have the right answer but a new one does not come to mind. This impasse is relieved by a sudden restructuring of the problem to a more helpful one which then leads to a feeling of insight. More recently the role of impasse has been downplayed because qualitative empirical data suggest that it is not an essential part of experiencing insight however this fails to explain what a cognitive state of repeated failure looks like. The current research aimed to disentangle the different dimensions of impasse along motivation lines and shows across two studies that while the feeling of being stuck is a negative predictor of levels of insight, the feeling of being challenged significantly positively predicts insight. These results form the preliminary basis of understanding the phenomenology of impasse and how it interacts with motivational states.


PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. e3001374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Shanahan ◽  
Surabhi Bhutani ◽  
Thorsten Kahnt

Growing evidence suggests that internal factors influence how we perceive the world. However, it remains unclear whether and how motivational states, such as hunger and satiety, regulate perceptual decision-making in the olfactory domain. Here, we developed a novel behavioral task involving mixtures of food and nonfood odors (i.e., cinnamon bun and cedar; pizza and pine) to assess olfactory perceptual decision-making in humans. Participants completed the task before and after eating a meal that matched one of the food odors, allowing us to compare perception of meal-matched and non-matched odors across fasted and sated states. We found that participants were less likely to perceive meal-matched, but not non-matched, odors as food dominant in the sated state. Moreover, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data revealed neural changes that paralleled these behavioral effects. Namely, odor-evoked fMRI responses in olfactory/limbic brain regions were altered after the meal, such that neural patterns for meal-matched odor pairs were less discriminable and less food-like than their non-matched counterparts. Our findings demonstrate that olfactory perceptual decision-making is biased by motivational state in an odor-specific manner and highlight a potential brain mechanism underlying this adaptive behavior.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document