Silver Risk, Silver Exports, and Sovereign Debt in the Nineteenth Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-38
Author(s):  
Michael Schiltz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Currency Risk ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Bond Issues ◽  
Monetary Order

Whereas in the traditional view, bimetallism has been considered innately flawed, and the worldwide adoption of the gold standard, for that reason, inevitable, this chapter finds traces of evidence of the opposite course of events. Building on a revisionist strand in the literature, it describes that, for the period 1871‒90, contemporaries viewed silver as an essential ingredient of the international monetary order. They had, therefore, no immediate reason to question its credibility in the denomination of a country’s sovereign debt; instead, they considered the likeliness that a country would be able to continue to service its debts more or less independently of the denomination of these debts; and they were preoocupied by the question of whether currency risk should be taken by the issuing country or investors. Silver’s credibility eroded gradually, for instance through adding premia to bond issues; only in the 1890s was its credibility lost.

Researching Audience Behaviors in Nineteenth-Century Paris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Concert Programs

This chapter starts by revisiting a now-familiar text: James H. Johnson’s book Listening in Paris (1995). On the basis of concert and opera reviews, images, and the paratexts of concert programs, Ellis reframes Johnson’s question “When did audiences fall silent?” as “Where and why did audiences fail to fall silent?” Multilayered answers show how (1) many of the noisier phenomena of the eighteenth century resurfaced in new guises from the 1850s onward; (2) the democratization of art music took place in contexts that could not always impose “religious” listening; and (3) there was a resurgent demand, possibly concomitant, for music as pure entertainment in venues where silence was neither required nor expected. The chapter argues that although attentive listening was a gold standard during the latter two-thirds of the nineteenth century in Paris, practice rarely lived up to such expectations, and it was in effect a niche activity.

Irish Catholicism and English Toryism

1957 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert A. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Liberal Ideology ◽  
Corn Laws ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The Waves

In the midst of the European Revolution of 1848, T. B. Macaulay offered the classical Whig explanation for England's immunity to it. England needed no revolution in 1848 because it had had its own safe and sane revolution of 1688, climaxed by that masterpiece of political wisdom, the Whig settlement. Without wholly superseding this distinctly Whig interpretation of England's stability in the midst of Europe's mid-nineteenth century cataclysms, Elie Halévy has supplemented it by pointing to the stabilizing influence of the Methodist-Evangelical Movement.Macaulay and Halévy overlooked one important element in Britannia's ability to rule the waves of revolution. It is an element somewhat repellent to liberal-minded historians, both in its nature and its source. For one of the factors in England's stability was the growth of a xenophobic, anti-revolutionary, nationalistic spirit and it was closely connected with anti-Catholicism. This anti-Catholicism was fostered and given direction by the Conservatives between 1832 and 1845, at which time it split that party wide open over the issue of the grant to the Roman Catholic Seminary of Maynooth in Ireland, as it had sixteen years earlier over Catholic Emancipation. The remarkable success of the Conservatives in rallying Englishmen to the anti-Irish “no-Popery” standard has been obscured by the traditional view that the period 1829–1848 saw the triumph of the liberal ideology, beginning with Catholic Emancipation, passing through the Reform Bill of 1832, and culminating in the Repeal of the Corn Laws.

Recent Scholarship in American Universalism: A Bibliographical Essay

1972 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-523
Author(s):  
Alan Seaburg
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Universal Salvation ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Important Argument ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Church ◽  
Church Historians

Church historians have generally tended to ignore American Universalism. This was not because Universalists were unmindful of their past. Several works were produced in the nineteenth century trying to prove through Scripture and history the fact that the idea of universal salvation was always a part of the mesage of Christianity from the days of the apostles through the Reformation down to the modern era. It was an important argument in their voluminous debates and an essential ingredient of their theology. They were rather proud of this heritage. It cannot be said, therefore, that Universalism failed to produce its own historians. The problem for scholars of all disciplines has been that until recently there were no reliable sources available which dealt with American Universalism. Yet Universalism needs to be understood, for it helped to humanize the church through its teachings that God was a God of love and that he cared to save each and everyone of his children.

The Winding Road

Antiquity ◽  
1939 ◽  
Vol 13 (50) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
F. G. Roe
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Field Systems

It has often appeared to the writer to be a really remarkable circumstance, during the long and sometimes acrimonious controversies of the nineteenth century concerning the various physical, social, and ‘technical’ phenomena (methods, etc.) characterizing the Saxon settlement of Britain and its more immediate antecedents, that among the various protagonists of the first rank, none seems to have thought it worth while to visit those lands where an essentially similar environment still prevailed, and to see for himself what they might yield. To make such a statement concerning archaeological students of today would certainly be to invite questions in return, which are not easily answered. Whatwasthe (physical) environment of early Saxon England; and where shall we find its ‘essentially similar’ counterpart? But at the time of which I speak, such doubts may almost be said to have been non-existent. Whatever opinions were held concerning Roman centuriation, or Teutonic three-field systems, the old ‘traditional’ view of England as ‘a land of forests’, ‘one great wood’, etc., seems hardly to have been questioned. Under such conditions, virtually any forest country occupied by settlers of European birth or descent would serve the required purpose.

scholarly journals Price Rigidity in Norway in the Nineteenth Century

Ekonomika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Ligita Visockytė
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Price Rigidity ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Price Development ◽  
Time Period

This paper analyzes nominal price development in Norway from 1830 to 1920 and fills a gap in the literature on nominal price rigidity in Europe during the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The research question: how did the nominal price rigidity change in Norway during this time period? The focus on Norway is justified because of the availability of historical data and gaps in literature concerning the nominal rigidities.The analysis of some of the digitized data for Oslo, Bergen and Stavanger during the period of 1830–1913 indicate that: a) The flexibility of prices did not change much during the classical Gold Standard in Norway; b) The change in price rigidity mainly came because of the changing magnitude of price changes; c) The decrease in magnitude might have happened before the Gold Standard took effect in Norway.

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