scholarly journals Price Rigidity in Norway in the Nineteenth Century

Ekonomika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Ligita Visockytė
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Price Rigidity ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Price Development ◽  
Time Period

This paper analyzes nominal price development in Norway from 1830 to 1920 and fills a gap in the literature on nominal price rigidity in Europe during the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The research question: how did the nominal price rigidity change in Norway during this time period? The focus on Norway is justified because of the availability of historical data and gaps in literature concerning the nominal rigidities.The analysis of some of the digitized data for Oslo, Bergen and Stavanger during the period of 1830–1913 indicate that: a) The flexibility of prices did not change much during the classical Gold Standard in Norway; b) The change in price rigidity mainly came because of the changing magnitude of price changes; c) The decrease in magnitude might have happened before the Gold Standard took effect in Norway.

scholarly journals METABOLIC PHENOTYPING GUIDELINES: Studying eating behaviour in humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (2) ◽  
pp. G1-G12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Gibbons ◽  
Graham Finlayson ◽  
Michelle Dalton ◽  
Phillipa Caudwell ◽  
John E Blundell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Metabolic Phenotyping ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Study Designs

The study of human appetite and eating behaviour has become increasingly important in recent years due to the rise in body weight dysregulation through both obesity and eating disorders. Adequate control over appetite is paramount for the control of body weight and in order to understand appetite, it is necessary to measure eating behaviour accurately. So far, research in this field has revealed that no single experimental design can answer all research questions. Each research question posed will require a specific study design that will limit the findings of that study to those particular conditions. For example, choices will be made among the use of laboratory or free-living studies, time period for examination, specific measurement techniques and investigative methodologies employed. It is important that these represent informed decisions about what design and which methodology will provide the most meaningful outcomes. This review will examine some of the ‘gold standard’ study designs and methodologies currently employed in the study of human appetite and eating behaviour.

THE USE OF HISTORICAL DATA IN ACCOUNTING RESEARCH: THE CASE OF THE AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bricker ◽  
Kevin Brown
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
A Value ◽  
Time Period ◽  
And Performance

In 1908, the American Sugar Refining Company (ASR) reversed its long-held policy of secrecy as to its financial condition and performance. Prior work, applying contemporary capital market methods to ASR security price data of that period, has suggested a value to ASR shareholders of this policy reversal. This paper examines the historical record of that time and presents additional evidence on this matter, particularly in terms of identifying potentially confounding events occurring during the period under study. The results of this analysis suggest a difficulty in attributing observed abnormal returns to ASR's secrecy policy reversal on the basis of the results obtained from applying capital markets methods. This analysis is useful for scholars interested in applying modern capital market methods to historical data. It highlights the significance of the possible effects of contemporaneous historical events, focuses attention on the importance of a deep understanding of the historical period studied, and suggests a value in combining historical and empirical-markets methods to gain a richer understanding of the events and conditions in the time period under study.

Researching Audience Behaviors in Nineteenth-Century Paris

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Concert Programs

This chapter starts by revisiting a now-familiar text: James H. Johnson’s book Listening in Paris (1995). On the basis of concert and opera reviews, images, and the paratexts of concert programs, Ellis reframes Johnson’s question “When did audiences fall silent?” as “Where and why did audiences fail to fall silent?” Multilayered answers show how (1) many of the noisier phenomena of the eighteenth century resurfaced in new guises from the 1850s onward; (2) the democratization of art music took place in contexts that could not always impose “religious” listening; and (3) there was a resurgent demand, possibly concomitant, for music as pure entertainment in venues where silence was neither required nor expected. The chapter argues that although attentive listening was a gold standard during the latter two-thirds of the nineteenth century in Paris, practice rarely lived up to such expectations, and it was in effect a niche activity.

scholarly journals Religion of the past or living heritage?

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-168
Author(s):  
Tiina Aikas
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The Past ◽  
Museum Displays ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dissemination Of Results

In recent years we have witnessed a growing contemporary use of Sámi offering places by various actors, for example tourists, the local population and contemporary pagans. Hence, sites that the heritage authorities and researchers have seen as belonging to the past have gained new relevance. Nevertheless, Sámi religion is often presented in museums in relation to history and prehistory. Sámi culture has been presented in museums and exhibitions since the nineteenth century. In pointing out that this long history of museum displays affects how Sámi culture is presented in contemporary museums, Nika Potinkara (2015:41) suggests that we can renew, comment on or question the old presentations. This article explores the representations of Sámi religion in four museums and exhibitions in Northern Finland, and will answer the following research question: How is Sámi religion presented and what kind of themes are present? Here museums are studied as arenas for the dissemination of results of knowledge production. What kind of image of Sámi religion do they share?    

scholarly journals The Interplay of Demographic, Economic, and Social History

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 495-515
Author(s):  
E. Anthony Wrigley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Occupational Change ◽  
Demographic Behavior

Historical narrative commonly involves both description and explanation. The nature of the information available to historians gives rise to problems that seldom appear in other disciplines. For example, it is not possible, given the nature of historical data, to conduct controlled experiments to resolve uncertainties concerning the cause of a given event. It is normally the case that the concept of negative and positive feedback is a more appropriate framework for this purpose than causation. Such a framework can be used in discussing the interplay of demographic behavior, urban growth, and occupational change in facilitating England’s escape from the constraints suffered by all organic economies. Comparison of the contrast in this regard between England and continental Europe helps to clarify the nature of the divergence between the island and the continent over a period of 300 years, from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century.

scholarly journals The contemporary and historical budget of atmospheric CO21This article is part of a Special Issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junling Huang ◽  
Michael B. McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Time Period

Observations of CO2 and O2 are interpreted to develop an understanding of the changes in the abundance of atmospheric CO2 that have arisen over the period 1995–2007. Fossil fuels accounted for an addition of 89.3 Gt of carbon to the atmosphere over this time period, 29% of which was transferred to the ocean, 15% to the global biosphere, with the balance (57%) retained by the atmosphere. Analysis of historical data for CO2 derived from studies of gases trapped in ice at Law Dome in Antarctica indicate that the biosphere represented a net source of atmospheric CO2 prior to 1940, switching subsequently to a net sink.

War and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-267
Author(s):  
Stefan Dudink ◽  
Karen Hagemann ◽  
Mischa Honeck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Western World ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Total War ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Global Age ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First World

This chapter provides an introduction to the intertwined histories of gender and war from the end of the Age of Revolutions in the early nineteenth century to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. In the opening section, it offers a reconsideration of the notion of Europe’s post-Napoleonic century as an “era of peace” and of key concepts that historians have used to make sense of pursuits of war and military force during this time period, such as total war, imperialism, and militarism, and nationalism. It then offers a panoramic view of the major wars waged from the 1830s to the 1910s, paying special attention to the often porous and fluid boundaries between national, colonial, and imperial armed conflicts. Next, the chapter surveys the peacetime militarization of the “Western world” before the era of the two world wars, analyzing it as part of the movement of politics, society, culture, and economics in what was by the mid-nineteenth century a global age. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the intersections of war and gender and a reflection on the state of scholarship.

Searching for standard French: The construction and mining of the Recueil historique des grammaires du français

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack ◽  
Lidia-Gabriela Jarmasz ◽  
Nathalie Dion ◽  
Nicole Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Variant Selection ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Form Function ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Quebec French ◽  
Contextual Elements ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractThis paper describes a massive project to characterize “Standard French” by constructing and mining the Recueil historique des grammaires du français (RHGF), a corpus of grammars whose prescriptive dictates we interpret as representing the evolution of the standard over five centuries. Its originality lies in the possibility it affords to ascertain the existence of prior variability, date it, and determine the conditions under which grammarians accept or condemn variant uses. Systematic meta-analyses of the RHGF reveal that grammarians rarely acknowledge the existence of alternate ways of expressing the same thing. Instead, they adopt three major strategies to establish form-function symmetry. All involve partitioning competing variants across distinct social, semantic or linguistic contexts, despite pervasive disagreement over which variant to associate with which. This effectively factors out variability. In contrast, systematic analysis of actual language use, as instantiated in the spontaneous speech of 323 speakers of Quebec French over an apparent-time period of a century and a half, reveals robust variability, regularly conditioned by contextual elements which have never been acknowledged by grammarians. This conditioning has remained largely stable since at least the mid-nineteenth century. Taken together, these results indicate that the “rules” for variant selection promulgated by grammarians do not inform the spoken language, nor do grammars take account of the variable rules structuring spontaneous speech. As a result, grammar and usage are evolving independently.

scholarly journals Price Rigidity, Inflation and the Distribution of Relative Price Changes

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sartaj Rasool Rather ◽  
S. Raja Sethu Durai ◽  
M. Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Relative Price ◽  
Price Rigidity ◽  
Price Changes
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