Influence of ICT on the Competitiveness of the Trade Sector in Kazakhstan

The theoretical frameworks of economic growth are considered, and key indicators for assessing the economic development of regions are identified. A cluster analysis of Kazakhstan's regions was conducted, according to a set of economic growth factors. Based on the results of the analysis, a classification of the country's regions is proposed. The level of economic development of regions, according to the theory of sustainable economic growth, was estimated using a number of indicators, which include innovation activity, human capital, private capital, public capital, regional accessibility, regional concentration, and gross regional product (GRP) per capita. Thus, with the help of cluster analysis of factors of socio-economic development of Kazakhstan's regions, we were able to structure indicators of their economic growth by the degree of similarity, and identify 8 regional clusters. The results obtained can be used in the formation of economic, social, and financial policy of the state, taking into account regional features of the Republic's development.

Financial Policy of Tiberius Constantinus the Augustus

Introduction. The historical sources did not give the detail description of all the policies of the Byzantine government in the rule of Tiberius Constantinus the August (578–582). Modern historiography usually follows their data without attracting of opportunities, which could be offered by the interdisciplinary methods. As a result, the full-length picture of the reign of Tiberius II has not been made yet. This statement is correct regarding different sectors of the emperor’s policies and his financial policy as well. Methods. Special method of study for such object was approved in earlier author’s publications. It bases on definition of a financial policy in the modern economics and, as consequence, on the use of data which are not mentioned by literary tradition and not noticed by the traditional historiography. As a result, the studying subject gets prodigious volume and versatility. Analysis and results. The analysis of the Tiberius II’s multi-aspect activity through prism of the imperial finance has allowed to see the results of his financial policy in those state life spheres that were not connected with the public finances immediately. In this connection the axiomatic facts and then events have received revaluation; some comparison of expenses and empire incomes was spent; the conclusion on quality of emperor’s political management was drawn. Besides, existence in head of this August of an original conception of the financial policy was ascertained. Its feature was the provision of payments balance in the sphere of foreign policy in every way. This emperor showed his organizing ability through the innovation in redistribution of resources between different state departments. Regular and extraordinary imperial budgets lost former precise frames of their functional activity. But moreover, Tiberius II has not gone into extremes of the private-owner attitude to the state finances. The moderation and rationalism of his financial policy did allow to avoid the full devastation of treasury in the period of his individual reign.

Conceptual basis for financial policy formation of Russian Internet companies

Subject. To ensure rapid growth of the Russian economy, tools for creating a sustainable business development model are required. Positive changes should start from the non-tradable sector related to information and network services. Objectives. The study aims to identify main opportunities for improving the financial policy by the Internet industry companies through the use of basic financial and economic instruments. Methods. I employ fundamental methods and advanced technologies of basic theoretical, methodological and practical developments of domestic and foreign specialists in the theory and practice of corporate finance management. Results. The study demonstrates the need to work out financial policy issues, considering system restrictions that do not coincide with the guidelines for the information economy development, tasks of economy modernization, and the socio-economic development of the country. The findings can be used to design strategies for individual Internet companies and the entire domestic IT industry, in particular, for regional IT clusters. Conclusions. An agile financial development strategy based on the use of adapted information about consumers of goods and services can act as a mechanism limiting the impact of consequences of the financial crisis and globalization risks. The information economy can reduce barriers to promote financial flows.

Kebijakan Pengaturan Pajak Hotel dan Restoran Sebagai Sumber Pendapatan Daerah DKI Jakarta Di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19

Covid-19 has implications for social, economic growth, decreased state and regional revenues and economic growth that has slowed so that state and regional incomes do not reach the desired target. The government not only measures health efforts and handling this outbreak but also makes economic efforts that still have to run in pandemic conditions through policies and major steps taken. The Central Government issued Government Regulation In lieu of Law No. 1 of 2020 on State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability for The Handling of coronavirus pandemic 2019 and each region issued several policies related to the fulfillment of local original income, especially for the City of DKI Jakarta which is also affected related to local tax arrangements, namely hotel taxes and restaurant taxes that contribute greatly. against PAD Kota DKI Jakarta. The purpose of this study is to see what the implications are for the existing condition of reducing hotel and restaurant tax rates in DKI Jakarta in the current pandemic conditions. This research uses a type of normative juridical research and with a type of research approach to the statutory approach, the case approach, the conceptual approach. The results of research on the implications of conditions in the city of DKI Jakarta and the efforts of the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government to overcome the decline of PAD through the policies provided one of them provides relief to hotel and restaurant taxpayers in pandemic conditions and provides freedom in the payment of tax penalties for hotels and restaurants that are certainly adjusted to certain conditions and requirements so that PAD Kota DKI Jakarta from the local tax sector continues to run. and able to meet the targets that have been determined as they should

Environmental responsibility and financial policy of the company: methodological aspects of the analysis

The actualization of environmental problems makes it necessary to study them in connection with the financial and economic aspects of the modern company. The main content of the monograph is formed by the conceptual, theoretical and methodological aspects of the analysis of corporate financial policy, studied in conjunction with the study of the factors of environmental responsibility of the company. The necessity of revision is analyzed and the directions of improvement of the methodological apparatus for the formation and implementation of financial policy in new conditions are determined. Particular attention is paid to the empirical analysis of indicators of environmental responsibility and environmental efficiency at different organizational levels. The results obtained are valuable in order to improve corporate practices for managing environmental responsibility factors and improving the financial efficiency of companies. For a wide range of readers, including researchers, practitioners, postgraduates, applicants and students studying in the areas of "Economics", "Finance and Credit", "Management".

Inflation and Hyperinflation Countries in 2018–2020: Risks of Different Assets and Foreign Trade

Since the global financial crisis (2008–2009), central banks and governments in developed countries have relied upon loose monetary and financial policy. In the coronavirus pandemic era, these policies were taken even more to the extreme. In 2021, countries around the world started to experience product availability issues, and inflation in some cases was extremely high. There has been debate about the possibility of persistent high inflation. However, risks to assets and foreign trade in this new situation are unknown as all important hyperinflation cases are from decades to century-old. It is important to know what kind of implications high inflation has on modern economies. Therefore, in this study, 10 countries with the highest inflation were selected to be examined in the period of 2018–2020. In these countries, currencies lost a considerable amount of their value against US dollar in 2018–2020. Stock market indexes in many cases provided very high returns in local currency terms; however, against the US dollar, the index yield changed for the substantially negative. Apartment prices in general declined as well. In foreign trade, imports generally declined, while exports were mixed or even increased. However, it should be noted that all of these observations are influenced by the pandemic era and special circumstances of a particular country.

Analysis of the Impact of Expenditures on Education and R&D on GDP in Central European Countries

The main purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of public spending on education and research and development (R&D) on the formation of gross domestic product (GDP) in nine Central European countries, which are divided into two clusters – "old" and "new" EU members. The study took into account official Eurostat data of both the EU and national statistical organizations for the period 2010–2019. The analysis of this impact was carried out using a system approach, statistics and econometric framework including panel data regression, Wald, Breusch-Pagan, Hausman tests. The main finding of the present study is the identification of additional income in terms of GDP in Euro per capita for selected countries, which is obtained from adequately spent public funds for education and R&D. Our results showed that the strongest influence of these expenditures for the "old" members was in Germany and Austria, and for the "new" – in Slovenia and Czechia. It is proved that this impact is different in individual countries and is determined by the public financial policy of national governments.

Investigating the role of the International Monetary Fund in the process of resolving financial crises: case study of Greece

The economic crisis in the United States and its spread to continental Europe caused a financial crisis in European stock markets, which in turn reduced production in Europe, resulting in rising unemployment, that eventually led to protests against the current economic situation. These political unrests have prompted international and regional governments and financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the European Central Bank to find a way to end this severe financial crisis. Greece, as one of the EU member states that has been affected by this global crisis, has made efforts to improve its economic situation. The main question of this study is to what extent the International Monetary Fund was able to help resolve the financial crisis in Greece? The hypothesis is that due to the conditionality of financial aid from the International Monetary Fund to Greece in crisis and Greeces lack of attention to the full implementation of austerity programs, such financial aid has not been able to save the Greece economy from financial crisis. One of the aims of this study is to what extent developing countries can rely on IMF recommendations to overcome the financial crisis. The aim of the research is to find out why International Monetary Fund could not adopt proper monetary and financial policy to settle the financial crisis in Greece. Moreover, the reasons behind failed attempts of Greeces policymakers to implement IMFs austerity measures in their country are sought.