Essentials of General Topology

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-244
Author(s):  
Adel N. Boules
Keyword(s):  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Hausdorff Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Section 8 ◽  
Finite Products ◽  
The One ◽  
One Point Compactification ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces ◽  
Metrization Theorem

The first eight sections of this chapter constitute its core and are generally parallel to the leading sections of chapter 4. Most of the sections are brief and emphasize the nonmetric aspects of topology. Among the topics treated are normality, regularity, and second countability. The proof of Tychonoff’s theorem for finite products appears in section 8. The section on locally compact spaces is the transition between the core of the chapter and the more advanced sections on metrization, compactification, and the product of infinitely many spaces. The highlights include the one-point compactification, the Urysohn metrization theorem, and Tychonoff’s theorem. Little subsequent material is based on the last three sections. At various points in the book, it is explained how results stated for the metric case can be extended to topological spaces, especially locally compact Hausdorff spaces. Some such results are developed in the exercises.

Locally Compact Normal Spaces in the Constructible Universe

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Stephen Watson
Keyword(s):  
Set Theory ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Hausdorff Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces ◽  
Perfectly Normal

Arhangel'skiĭ proved around 1959 [1] that, for the class of perfectly normal locally compact spaces, metacompactness and paracompactness are equivalent. It is shown to be consistent that this equivalence holds for the (larger) class of normal locally compact spaces (answering a question of Tall [8], [9]).The consistency of the existence of locally compact normal noncollectionwise Hausdorff spaces has been known since 1967. It is shown that the existence of such spaces is independent of the axioms of set theory, thus establishing that Bing's example G cannot be modified under ZFC to be locally compact.All topological spaces are assumed to be Hausdorff.First, a definition and three standard lemmata are needed.

scholarly journals Embedding inverse semigroups of homeomorphisms on closed subsets

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Bos Baird
Keyword(s):  
Topological Space ◽  
Inverse Semigroup ◽  
Inverse Semigroups ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Metric Space ◽  
Countable Space ◽  
The One ◽  
One Point Compactification ◽  
First Countable Space

All topological spaces here are assumed to be T2. The collection F(Y)of all homeomorphisms whose domains and ranges are closed subsets of a topological space Y is an inverse semigroup under the operation of composition. We are interested in the general problem of getting some information about the subsemigroups of F(Y) whenever Y is a compact metric space. Here, we specifically look at the problem of determining those spaces X with the property that F(X) is isomorphic to a subsemigroup of F(Y). The main result states that if X is any first countable space with an uncountable number of points, then the semigroup F(X) can be embedded into the semigroup F(Y) if and only if either X is compact and Y contains a copy of X, or X is noncompact and locally compact and Y contains a copy of the one-point compactification of X.

A Best Possible Tauberian Theorem for the Collective Continuous Hausdorff Summability Method

1971 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-549
Author(s):  
G. E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Hausdorff Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Bounded Complex ◽  
Hausdorff Method ◽  
Borel Functions ◽  
Bounded Functions ◽  
Abelian Theorem ◽  
Complex Valued ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces

The purpose of this paper is to prove that o(l/x) is the best possible Tauberian condition for the collective continuous Hausdorff method of summation. The analogue of this result for the collective (discrete) Hausdorff method is known [1, pp. 229, ff.; 7, p. 318; 8, p. 254]. Our method involves generalizing a well-known Abelian theorem of Agnew [2] to locally compact spaces and then applying the analogue for integrals of a result Lorentz obtained for series [6, Theorem 1].Let T and X denote locally compact, non compact, σ-compact Hausdorff spaces. Let T′ = T ∪ (∞) and X′ = X ∪ (∞) denote the onepoint compactifications of T and X, respectively. Let B(T) denote the set of locally bounded, complex valued Borel functions on T and let B∞(T) denote the bounded functions in B(T).

Spaces which Cannot be Written as a Countable Disjoint Union of Closed Subsets

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Eberhart ◽  
J. B. Fugate ◽  
L. Mohler
Keyword(s):  
Hausdorff Space ◽  
Disjoint Union ◽  
Hausdorff Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
The One ◽  
One Point Compactification ◽  
Compact Subsets

It is well known (see [3](1)) that no continuum (i.e. compact, connected, Hausdorff space) can be written as a countable disjoint union of its (nonvoid) closed subsets. This result can be generalized in two ways into the setting of locally compact, connected, Hausdorff spaces. Using the one point compactification of a locally compact, connected, Hausdorff space X one can easily show that X cannot be written as a countable disjoint union of compact subsets. If one makes the further assumption that X is locally connected, then one can show that X cannot be written as a countable disjoint union of closed subsets.(2)

scholarly journals α-fuzzy compactness inI-topological spaces

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (41) ◽  
pp. 2609-2617
Author(s):  
Valentín Gregori ◽  
Hans-peter A. Künzi
Keyword(s):  
Topological Space ◽  
Baire Category ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Baire Category Theorem ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Category Theorem ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces

Using a gradation of openness in a (Chang fuzzy)I-topological space, we introduce degrees of compactness that we callα-fuzzy compactness (whereαbelongs to the unit interval), so extending the concept of compactness due to C. L. Chang. We obtain a Baire category theorem forα-locally compact spaces and construct a one-pointα-fuzzy compactification of anI-topological space.

scholarly journals BOUNDING THE MINIMUM ORDER OF Aπ-BASE

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328
Author(s):  
MARÍA MUÑOZ
Keyword(s):  
Topological Space ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Hausdorff Spaces ◽  
Minimum Order ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Cardinal Invariants ◽  
Open Set ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One

AbstractLetXbe a topological space. A family ℬ of nonempty open sets inXis called aπ-base ofXif for each open setUinXthere existsB∈ℬ such thatB⊂U. The order of aπ-base ℬ at a pointxis the cardinality of the family ℬx={B∈ℬ:x∈B} and the order of theπ-base ℬ is the supremum of the orders of ℬ at each pointx∈X. A classical theorem of Shapirovskiĭ [‘Special types of embeddings in Tychonoff cubes’, in:Subspaces of Σ-Products and Cardinal Invariants, Topology, Coll. Math. Soc. J. Bolyai, 23 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980), pp. 1055–1086; ‘Cardinal invariants in compact Hausdorff spaces’,Amer. Math. Soc. Transl.134(1987), 93–118] establishes that the minimum order of aπ-base is bounded by the tightness of the space when the space is compact. Since then, there have been many attempts at improving the result. Finally, in [‘The projectiveπ-character bounds the order of aπ-base’,Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.136(2008), 2979–2984], Juhász and Szentmiklóssy proved that the minimum order of aπ-base is bounded by the ‘projectiveπ-character’ of the space for any topological space (not only for compact spaces), improving Shapirovskiĭ’s theorem. The projectiveπ-character is in some sense an ‘external’ cardinal function. Our purpose in this paper is, on the one hand, to give bounds of the projectiveπ-character using ‘internal’ topological properties of the subspaces on compact spaces. On the other hand, we give a bound on the minimum order of aπ-base using other cardinal functions in the frame of general topological spaces. Open questions are posed.

On Normed Algebras which Satisfy a Reality Condition

1961 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 675-682
Author(s):  
Silvio Aurora
Keyword(s):  
Banach Algebra ◽  
Compact Space ◽  
Banach Algebras ◽  
Hausdorff Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Reality Condition ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact Space ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces

Various results exist which permit real Banach algebras satisfying some sort of “reality condition” to be identified with the algebra of all continuous real-valued functions on a suitable compact space (or with the algebra of all continuous real-valued functions that * Vanish at infinity“ on a suitable non-compact, locally compact space in case the algebra has no unit). (Terminology follows (4), so that compact and locally compact spaces must be Hausdorff spaces, in addition to satisfying the usual requirements.) Kadison established such a result in (6, Theorem 6.6) for any Banach algebra with unit, if the algebra satisfies an appropriate reality condition and has a norm N such that N(x)2 — N(x2) for all x.

scholarly journals One-point compactification on convergence spaces

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
Shing S. So
Keyword(s):  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Convergence Space ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Convergence Spaces ◽  
The One ◽  
One Point Compactification

A convergence space is a set together with a notion of convergence of nets. It is well known how the one-point compactification can be constructed on noncompact, locally compact topological spaces. In this paper, we discuss the construction of the one-point compactification on noncompact convergence spaces and some of the properties of the one-point compactification of convergence spaces are also discussed.

scholarly journals ON LOCAL WEAK τ-DENSITY OF TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
F.G. Mukhamadiev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Topological Space ◽  
Local Density ◽  
Cardinal Number ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Weak Separability ◽  
Weak Density ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces

A topological space X is locally weakly separable [3] at a point x∈X if x has a weakly separable neighbourhood. A topological space X is locally weakly separable if X is locally weakly separable at every point x∈X. The notion of local weak separability can be generalized for any cardinal τ ≥ℵ0 . A topological space X is locally weakly τ-dense at a point x∈X if τ is the smallest cardinal number such that x has a weak τ-dense neighborhood in X [4]. The local weak density at a point x is denoted as lwd(x). The local weak density of a topological space X is defined in following way: lwd ( X ) = sup{ lwd ( x) : x∈ X } . A topological space X is locally τ-dense at a point x∈X if τ is the smallest cardinal number such that x has a τ-dense neighborhood in X [4]. The local density at a point x is denoted as ld(x). The local density of a topological space X is defined in following way: ld ( X ) = sup{ ld ( x) : x∈ X } . It is known that for any topological space we have ld(X ) ≤ d(X ) . In this paper, we study questions of the local weak τ-density of topological spaces and establish sufficient conditions for the preservation of the property of a local weak τ-density of subsets of topological spaces. It is proved that a subset of a locally τ-dense space is also locally weakly τ-dense if it satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (a) the subset is open in the space; (b) the subset is everywhere dense in space; (c) the subset is canonically closed in space. A proof is given that the sum, intersection, and product of locally weakly τ-dense spaces are also locally weakly τ-dense spaces. And also questions of local τ-density and local weak τ-density are considered in locally compact spaces. It is proved that these two concepts coincide in locally compact spaces.

On 𝒞ℛ-Epic Embeddings and Absolute 𝒞ℛ-Epic Spaces

2005 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barr ◽  
R. Raphael ◽  
R. G. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Locally Compact ◽  
Compact Spaces ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Tychonoff Spaces ◽  
Locally Compact Spaces

AbstractWe study Tychonoff spaces X with the property that, for all topological embeddings X → Y, the induced map C(Y ) → C(X) is an epimorphism of rings. Such spaces are called absolute 𝒞ℛ-epic. The simplest examples of absolute 𝒞ℛ-epic spaces are σ-compact locally compact spaces and Lindelöf P-spaces. We show that absolute CR-epic first countable spaces must be locally compact.However, a “bad” class of absolute CR-epic spaces is exhibited whose pathology settles, in the negative, a number of open questions. Spaces which are not absolute CR-epic abound, and some are presented.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document