PREDATORY PRICING: SINGLE- FIRM DOMINANCE, EXCLUSIONARY ABUSE AND PREDATORY PRICES (PART 3)

Important pronouncements of legal principle were recently made by the Competition Appeal Court and Constitutional Court on the determination of predatory pricing under section 8 of the Competition Act 89 of 1998. These pronouncements must now be seen in the context of the subsequent commencement of the Competition Amendment Act 18 of 2018. In light of these developments, this three-part series of articles evaluate the law relating to the economic concept of predatory pricing under the Competition Act. In this context, the crucial elements of dominance and abuse are also discussed. The first in this series of three articles critically evaluated the law on the determination of single-firm dominance under section 7 of the Competition Act. The second article discussed the basic forms of abuse, the meaning of abuse, tests that have been developed to identify exclusionary conduct, the criticism of the traditional theory of predatory pricing, the main strategic economic theories of predatory pricing and non-pricing theories of predation. This article focuses on the law of predatory prices under section 8(1)(c) and 8(1)(d)(iv) of the Competition Act. Pursuant to section 1(3) of the Competition Act, when interpreting or applying the Competition Act, appropriate foreign and international law may be considered. This is complementary to section 1(2)(a), which directs that the Competition Act must be interpreted in a manner that is consistent with the Constitution and which gives effect to the purposes set out in section 2. In light hereof and where appropriate, the South African position is mainly compared with the position in the European Union and the United States.

Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: National Country Context: UK

Extending Working Lives (EWLs hereafter) is an important policy goal across many Western countries. This document traces how policy developments have formed the existing EWLs agenda in the UK context. It explores the interrelationship between demographic shifts, policy reform, changing organisational and cultural practices, and technological drivers across groups with diverse life course trajectories. It needs to be borne in mind that UK development is influenced by wider, global influences and shared experiences, such as the OECD level shift toward later retirement pathways. There are also imminent political and cultural changes taking place in the UK which will have an ongoing influence on EWLs, such as the European Union exit. Section 7 provides an overview of the development and framing of policies relevant to EWL, as well as levels of participation. Section 8 focuses on macro national regime characteristics and socio-demographic characteristics across subgroups of older people. Section 9 goes into greater detail on the main inequalities which have a negative impact on EWLs and Section 12 draws on the key policies that impact on EWLs, with consideration of the main inequalities within this.

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CONCEPT OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNIFIED PENAL SYSTEM (HYPOTHESIS): SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT, LEGISLATION, ENFORCEMENT

Раздел 8 Концепции развития уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации на период до 2030 года предусмотрел создание в структуре российской пенитенциарной системы учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы объединенного типа. Первое такое учреждение начнет свою работу в 2024 г. Автором на уровне гипотезы предлагается рассмотреть основные вопросы, связанные со становлением и развитием учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы объединенного типа. В связи с этим в настоящей статье рассмотрены три основополагающих направления развития данных учреждений: пространственное развитие, законодательство, правоприменение. Каждый из указанных аспектов проанализирован автором с точки зрения как проблем, так и предполагаемых путей их решения. Цель работы - на основе исследования географии исправительных учреждений, уголовно-исполнительного законодательства РФ и правоприменительной деятельности показать основные проблемы, связанные с развитием учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы объединенного типа, и возможные пути их решения. Среди проблем показаны проблемы территориального (пространственного) размещения учреждений объединенного типа, законодательства и правоприменения вновь создаваемых учреждений. Методами исследования в научной статье явились универсальные методы (анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция, аналогия и моделирование); эмпирические методы (обобщение, классификация); теоретические методы (идеализация, абстрагирование, гипотетико-дедуктивный метод) и др. Выводы и результаты работы определяются достижением ее целей. Section 8 of the Concept for the Development of the Penitentiary System of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 provided for the creation of a unified type of penal institutions in the structure of the Penal System of Russia. The first institution such type will begin its work in 2024. The author at the hypothesis level analyses the main issues related to the formation and development of institutions of the unified penal system. In this regard, the author considers three fundamental areas of development of the institutions under consideration: spatial development, legislation, law enforcement. Each of these projects was analyzed by the author in terms of both problems and suggested ways to solve them. The purpose of the work is to show on the basis of a study of the geography of correctional institutions, penal enforcement legislation of the Russian Federation and law enforcement activities the main problems associated with the development of penal correction institutions of a unified type and possible ways to solve them. Among the problems are the problems of territorial (spatial) placement of institutions of a unified type, legislation and enforcement of newly created institutions. The research methods in the scientific article were universal methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and modeling); empirical methods (synthesis, classification); theoretical methods (idealization, abstraction, hypothetical-deductive method) and others. The conclusions and results of the work are determined by the achievement of its goals.

History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first two decades

This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the Kiruna-Sodankylä-Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 13 sections. Sections 1 to 6 describe the organization, staffing and responsibilites of the Sites, with particular emphasis on the transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and equipment between the Sites. The Headquarters operation is treated in Section 7. The UHF radar system is treated in Section 8. Section 9 is a review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 10 treats the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and CORLAN. Section 11 describes the signal processing hardware, with special emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN-system and the G2-system, culminating in the ability to run alternating codes experiments routinely. Section 12 presents the time- and frequency keeping, a non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Section 13 discusses the UHF spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging cellphone networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections.

American Literature: The Twentieth Century

This chapter has eight sections: 1. Poetry; 2. Fiction 1900–1945; 3. Fiction since 1945; 4. Drama; 5. Comics; 6. African American Writing; 7. Native Writing; 8. Latino/a, Asian American, and General Ethnic Writing. Section 1 is by James Gifford; section 2 is by James M. Clawson; section 3 is by Mary Foltz; section 4 will resume next year; section 5(a) is by Anna Peppard; section 5(b) is by Orion Ussner Kidder; section 6 is by Adam Rudder; section 7 is by James Gifford and Lindsay Parker; section 8 will resume next year.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECISION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT* Maphango v Aengus Lifestyle Properties (Pty) Ltd 2012 (3) SA 531 (CC)

The pursuit of access to better economic opportunities such as decent jobs has resulted in an astronomic influx of people into the inner city of Johannesburg, South Africa. As a result there is a high demand for rental housing. This presents an opportunity to make profit for those who leasepremises in order to generate an income. The demand for rental housing has arguably caused the escalation of rental prices, thereby causing a shortage of affordable rental housing in the city centre. The Rental Housing Act 50 of 1999 was enacted to resolve disputes that may arise from any unfair practice or matters affecting the relationship between the landlord and his tenants in respect of the lease contract. In particular, the Rental Housing Act seeks inter alia to “create mechanisms to promote the provision of rental-housing property; promote access to adequate housing through creating mechanisms to ensure the proper functioning of the rental-housing market [and] to lay down general principles governing conflict resolution in the rental-housing sector” (Preamble to the Rental Housing Act). In terms of the Rental Housing Act, the landlord or a tenant may approach the RentalHousing Tribunal and complain about an unfair practice (s 13 of the Rental Housing Act). The Rental Housing Act defines an unfair practice as “a practice unreasonably prejudicing the rights or interests of a tenant or a landlord” (s 1 of the Rental Housing Act). Where the Tribunal, at the conclusion of the hearing, is of the view that an unfair practice exists, it may rule that the exploitative rental be discontinued. The Tribunal may also make a determination about the amount of rental that must be paid by a tenant taking into account inter alia “the need for a realistic return on investment for investors in rental housing”. The argument presented in this case is that the applicants ought to have made up their case in the court of first instance and not at the appellate stage. The paper isdivided into nine sections. Section 2 provides an overview of the facts of the case, section 3 discusses the case before the High Court, section 4 discusses the case before the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA), section 5 discusses the case in the Constitutional Court, the issues, arguments, before the court, the findings and conclusions of the court. Section 6 evaluates the parties’ submissions in light of the Rental Housing Act, the Constitution, the Gauteng Unfair Practices Regulations, and the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act (PIEA) (19 of 1998). Section 7 discusses the majority judgment. Section 8 discusses the minority judgment. Section 9 is a critique of both the minority and majority judgments. The conclusion made is that the applicants should stand or fall by the arguments contained in the founding documents.

English Language

This chapter has fourteen sections: 1. General; 2. History of English Linguistics; 3. Phonetics and Phonology; 4. Morphology; 5. Syntax; 6. Semantics; 7. Lexicography, Lexicology and Lexical Semantics; 8. Onomastics; 9. Dialectology and Sociolinguistics; 10. New Englishes and Creolistics; 11. Second Language Acquisition. 12. English as a Lingua Franca; 13. Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis, 14. Stylistics. Sections 1 and 2 are by Viktorija Kostadinova; section 3 is by Marco Wiemann; sections 4 and 5 are by Gea Dreschler and Sune Gregersen; section 6 is by Beáta Gyuris; section 7 is by Ai Zhong; section 8 is by Maggie Scott; section 9 is by Lieselotte Anderwald; section 10 is by Beke Hansen and Sven Leuckert; section 11 is by Tihana Kraš; section 12 is by Shawnea Sum Pok Ting, Ida Parise, and Alessia Cogo; section 13 is by Elisabeth Reber; section 14 is by Furzeen Ahmed.