Japanese

2018 ◽  
pp. 864-899
Author(s):  
Teruhiko Fukaya
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Deletion Analysis ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Null Arguments ◽  
Right Node Raising ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Deep Anaphora ◽  
String Deletion

This chapter provides an overview of, while examining various proposals for, ellipsis in Japanese. Fragments are examined, and it is claimed to be reasonable to assume that stripping, sluicing, and ellipsis in comparatives are a uniform phenomenon while short answers are distinct. It is also argued that the properties of Right-Node Raising can be best captured by a non-constituent string deletion analysis. Three approaches to null arguments are examined, and shortcomings in each are discussed. N’-deletion is then explored and claimed to be ambiguous between two structural possibilities: ellipsis and non-ellipsis. VP-ellipsis, gapping, and pseudo-gapping are also touched upon. One significant aspect of the ellipsis phenomena in Japanese illustrated in this chapter is that the presence and absence of a case-marker plays a crucial role, with case-marked and non-case-marked fragments being analyzed as instances of surface anaphora and deep anaphora, respectively. This indicates the importance of focusing on case-marked versions in the syntactic investigation of these phenomena.

Dutch

2018 ◽  
pp. 720-764
Author(s):  
Norbert Corver ◽  
Marjo van Koppen
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Right Node Raising ◽  
Enormous Amount ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Nominal Ellipsis ◽  
Null Complement Anaphora ◽  
Comparative Deletion

This chapter discusses ellipsis in Dutch and the dialects of Dutch. It provides detailed information on the major types of ellipsis as they have been presented in Part III of this handbook: gapping and stripping, predicate ellipsis (VP-ellipsis and pseudogapping), Conjunction Reduction and Right-Node Raising, sluicing, fragments, nominal ellipsis, Comparative Deletion, and Null Complement Anaphora. It discusses the main insights from the literature as well as new observations with respect to these constructions. The final section shows that the Dutch dialects display an enormous amount of variation concerning ellipsis constructions. In particular, it examines the variation in NP-ellipsis with possessive, demonstrative, and adjectival remnants and variation with respect to sluicing.

The Celluloid and the Death Mask : Bazin’s and Eisenstein’s Image Anthropology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Somaini
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Funerary Practices ◽  
Longue Duree ◽  
Longue Durée ◽  
Dead Bodies ◽  
Presence And Absence

Funereal images are characterised by a peculiar dialectic tension between presence and absence that plays a crucial role in understanding the anthropological roots of image-making tout court. Building on Bazin and Eisenstein’s remarks about the longue durée of funerary practices aimed at preserving the visual appearances of dead bodies after their disappearance due to physical decay, this essay offers a genealogy of techniques that from casting, moulding and embalming eventually leads to the recording of images onto celluloid film. The death mask, in particular, with its capacity of capturing and fixing through the imprint process the traits of a face that was once alive, seems to respond to that same need to arrest time and ‘secure phenomena’ to which photography and cinema would later respond.

Kiswahili and Shingazidja

2018 ◽  
pp. 899-933
Author(s):  
Cédric Patin ◽  
Sophie Manus
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Right Node Raising ◽  
Vp Ellipsis

This chapter is a detailed discussion of ellipsis in Kiswahili and Shingazidja, two languages belonging to the G.40 group of Bantu languages. Building upon various arguments, including the use of tests established by Ngonyani (1996, 1998) and Greenberg (2005) and the examination of prosodic patterns, it is shown that several kinds of ellipsis are possible in these languages: clausal ellipses (gapping, stripping, argument cluster coordination), sluicing and fragments, comparative ellipsis, N-deletion, etc. Special attention is given to gapping and V-stranding VP-ellipsis, a structure that has previously been discussed in the literature on Bantu languages. The differences between the two languages, such as the fact that right-node raising is only possible in Shingazidja, are also addressed. The final section discusses the absence of two types of predicate ellipsis in these languages, namely English-like VP-ellipsis and English-like pseudogapping.

Russian

2018 ◽  
pp. 987-1019
Author(s):  
John Frederick Bailyn ◽  
Tatiana Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Right Node Raising ◽  
Fragment Answers ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Comparative Deletion

This chapter provides an overview of the major types of elliptical constructions in Russian: NP-ellipsis, clausal ellipsis (sluicing, sprouting, polarity ellipsis), vP-ellipsis, gapping, comparative deletion, Right-Node Raising, and fragment answers. The aim of this chapter is to examine these constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective, highlighting phenomena that seem peculiar to Russian, and outlining the set of restrictions on ellipsis licensing that does not differ from those of other languages. In addition, we discuss the controversial puzzle of verb-stranding constructions: these constructions seem to involve ellipsis, but its nature is still a matter of debate in the current literature.

On Certain Adjacency Effects in Ellipsis Contexts

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duk-Ho An
Keyword(s):  
Linear Order ◽  
Right Node Raising ◽  
Fragment Answers ◽  
Hierarchical Relations ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Pf Deletion

In this article, I show that crosslinguistically, there is a recurring pattern in various ellipsis constructions (e.g., fragment answers, right-dislocation, right-node raising, VP-ellipsis), to the effect that parts of a remnant can be additionally deleted under adjacency to a deletion site, often ignoring constituency. I argue that the phenomenon in question follows from the fact that PF deletion, being an operation in the component determining linear order, targets linearized strings, similarly to the fact that movement, being an operation in the component determining hierarchical relations, targets constituents.

Rescue by PF Deletion, Traces as (Non)interveners, and the That-Trace Effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Bošković
Keyword(s):  
Deletion Analysis ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Strong Argument ◽  
Null Arguments ◽  
Relativized Minimality ◽  
Pf Deletion

The article demonstrates that the rescue-by-PF-deletion account of the amelioration effect of island violations under ellipsis, originally noted by Ross (1969), can be extended to account for the that-trace effect, including the adverb amelioration effect, and the lack of intervention effects with certain null arguments that are otherwise found with their overt counterparts, as well as to deduce the generalizations that traces do not count as interveners for relativized minimality effects and that traces void islandhood. The fact that the rescue-by-PF-deletion analysis makes it possible to unify a number of previously unrelated phenomena should be taken as a strong argument in its favor. The current extension of the rescue-by-PF-deletion approach, on which the rescue can arise not only through the deletion process involved in ellipsis but also through regular copy deletion, also accounts for the different behavior of the Superiority Condition and the Wh-Island Condition with respect to the amelioration effect under ellipsis, a surprising difference given that both of these are generally subsumed under relativized minimality effects in current research.

scholarly journals Ellipsis in Languages of the Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 942-972
Author(s):  
David Erschler
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Complex Predicates ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Right Node Raising ◽  
Fragment Answers ◽  
Vp Ellipsis ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Argument Omission

This chapter deals with ellipsis, a phenomenon whereby some expected material goes missing in an utterance. The chapter overviews types of ellipsis frequently addressed in the literature: ellipsis in the noun phrase; argument omission; VP ellipsis; modal complement ellipsis; ellipsis in complex predicates; gapping, pseudogapping, and right node raising; ellipsis in comparative constructions, stripping; and ellipsis involving negation, sluicing and its generalizations, and fragment answers. It proceeds to review the occurrence of, and peculiarities exhibited by, these ellipsis varieties in a sample of the languages of the Caucasus. A number of ellipsis varieties that have not been earlier discussed in the literature but are present in some languages of the Caucasus are addressed as well. The data show that the languages of the Caucasus do not show a uniform typological profile as far as ellipsis is concerned. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the relevance of the presented data for theories of ellipsis.

Overtly Empty but Covertly Complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-136
Author(s):  
Yuta Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Argument Ellipsis ◽  
Null Arguments ◽  
Deep Anaphora ◽  
Proper Analysis

In this article, I argue for an ellipsis analysis of Japanese null arguments on the basis of a novel observation that covert extraction (i.e., extraction that does not affect word order) is possible out of them. Specifically, assuming that the extraction possibility is a diagnostic for surface anaphora/ellipsis, I claim that the covert extraction possibility indicates that Japanese null arguments can be elliptic: they cannot be uniformly silent deep anaphora/proforms. Furthermore, I show that there is an overt/covert extraction asymmetry in that only covert extraction is allowed out of Japanese null arguments. I argue that the LF copy analysis of argument ellipsis provides a solution for the overt/covert extraction asymmetry. The discussion also has consequences for the proper analysis of several phenomena of Japanese syntax, including wh-in-situ.

scholarly journals Fragments vs. null arguments in Korean

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Don Ahn ◽  
Sungeun Cho
Keyword(s):  
Null Arguments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Null Argument ◽  
Null Pronoun ◽  
Deep Anaphora

Korean has two types of answers shorter than full sentential answers: Fragments and null argument constructions. Apparently the two constructions have the same interpretative processes. However, there are some cases where the fragment and null argument construction behave differently: e.g., wh-puzzles, sloppy interpretation. We suggest that the two constructions involve two different types of anaphora and that the sources of sloppy(-like) interpretation are fundamentally distinct. Fragments pattern differently with null arguments in that only the former may display genuine sloppy readings. The latter may yield sloppy-like readings which are pragmatically induced by the explicature that can be cancelled unlike genuine sloppy readings in fragments. Evidence (wh-ellipsis, quantifier ellipsis) all lends substantial support to our claim that fragments are analyzed as an instance of clausal ellipsis while null arguments are analyzed as an instance of null pronoun pro; hence, the former is surface anaphora whereas the latter is deep anaphora in the sense of Hankamer & Sag (1976).

scholarly journals Cosmic Democracy or Cosmic Monarchy? Empedocles in Plato’s Statesman

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-446
Author(s):  
Cameron F. Coates
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
Political Association

Abstract Plato’s references to Empedocles in the myth of the Statesman perform a crucial role in the overarching political argument of the dialogue. Empedocles conceives of the cosmos as structured like a democracy, where the constituent powers ‘rule in turn’, sharing the offices of rulership equally via a cyclical exchange of power. In a complex act of philosophical appropriation, Plato takes up Empedocles’ cosmic cycles of rule in order to ‘correct’ them: instead of a democracy in which rule is shared cyclically amongst equal constituents, Plato’s cosmos undergoes cycles of the presence and absence of a single cosmic monarch who possesses ‘kingly epistēmē’. By means of a revision of Empedocles’ democratic cosmology, Plato’s richly woven myth is designed precisely to reject the appropriateness of democracy as a form of human political association and legitimate monarchy in its stead.

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