Depth area duration analysis of short duration rainfalls

Depth Area Duration (DAD) analysis for the extreme rainfall events forms an important step in the hydrological design for the water resources structures. Review of literature reveals that enormous amount of work has been done concerning the DAD analysis for large duration (i.e. one day or more) storms. However, no work is reported so far on this aspect for storms having shorter duration. i.e. less than one day: Hourly rainfall data for 36 rainfall stations have been analysed to develop simple DAD-relationship. This analysis pertains to the catchments of the rivers, namely Ramganga, Gomati, Yamuna and Ghaghara.

Design of a Parallel and Scalable Crawler for the Hidden Web

The WWW contains huge amount of information from different areas. This information may be present virtually in the form of web pages, media, articles (research journals / magazine), blogs etc. A major portion of the information is present in web databases that can be retrieved by raising queries at the interface offered by the specific database and is thus called the Hidden Web. An important issue is to efficiently retrieve and provide access to this enormous amount of information through crawling. In this paper, we present the architecture of a parallel crawler for the Hidden Web that avoids download overlaps by following a domain-specific approach. The experimental results further show that the proposed parallel Hidden web crawler (PSHWC), not only effectively but also efficiently extracts and download the contents in the Hidden web databases

Refocusing neuroscience: moving away from mental categories and towards complex behaviours

Mental terms—such as perception, cognition, action, emotion, as well as attention, memory, decision-making—are epistemically sterile. We support our thesis based on extensive comparative neuroanatomy knowledge of the organization of the vertebrate brain. Evolutionary pressures have moulded the central nervous system to promote survival. Careful characterization of the vertebrate brain shows that its architecture supports an enormous amount of communication and integration of signals, especially in birds and mammals. The general architecture supports a degree of ‘computational flexibility’ that enables animals to cope successfully with complex and ever-changing environments. Here, we suggest that the vertebrate neuroarchitecture does not respect the boundaries of standard mental terms, and propose that neuroscience should aim to unravel the dynamic coupling between large-scale brain circuits and complex, naturalistic behaviours. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory’.

Abnormal Activity Recognition from Surveillance Videos Using Convolutional Neural Network

Background and motivation: Every year, millions of Muslims worldwide come to Mecca to perform the Hajj. In order to maintain the security of the pilgrims, the Saudi government has installed about 5000 closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras to monitor crowd activity efficiently. Problem: As a result, these cameras generate an enormous amount of visual data through manual or offline monitoring, requiring numerous human resources for efficient tracking. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an intelligent and automatic system in order to efficiently monitor crowds and identify abnormal activity. Method: The existing method is incapable of extracting discriminative features from surveillance videos as pre-trained weights of different architectures were used. This paper develops a lightweight approach for accurately identifying violent activity in surveillance environments. As the first step of the proposed framework, a lightweight CNN model is trained on our own pilgrim’s dataset to detect pilgrims from the surveillance cameras. These preprocessed salient frames are passed to a lightweight CNN model for spatial features extraction in the second step. In the third step, a Long Short Term Memory network (LSTM) is developed to extract temporal features. Finally, in the last step, in the case of violent activity or accidents, the proposed system will generate an alarm in real time to inform law enforcement agencies to take appropriate action, thus helping to avoid accidents and stampedes. Results: We have conducted multiple experiments on two publicly available violent activity datasets, such as Surveillance Fight and Hockey Fight datasets; our proposed model achieved accuracies of 81.05 and 98.00, respectively.

Thermo-Structural Analysis of Brake Disc-Pad Assembly of an Automotive Braking System

Braking is a phenomenon of stabilizing a moving vehicle to rest by actuating the braking system. The available kinetic energy from the dynamic body is transformed into mechanical energy by the braking system which is further converted into thermal energy for its dissipation into the surroundings. During the process of braking, the frictional contact between the brake disc and brake pad creates enormous amount of heat elevating the temperature of the system to a higher level. The objective of this numerical study is to minimize the heat produced during the braking process. Three unique ventilated brake disc and two brake pad profiles were developed using PTC Creo modelling tool and were subjected to ANSYS workbench to evaluate its thermal and structural performance with a braking cycle time of 4.50 sec. Total deformation, equivalent stress, temperature distribution and total heal flux were assessed. Based on the study, ventilated disc 3 can be the possible design with either of the brake pad profiles for effective usage in the automotive braking system.

Mechanism of Common Systemic Immunodeficiency Disorders and its Literature Comparison

Systemic immunodeficiency disorders are heterogenous groups ofImmunodeficiency disorders could experience an assortment of clinical signs, including intermittent, extreme, or irregular diseases, autoimmunity, and lymphoproliferative/malignancies. Immunodeficiency involves an enormous amount of sicknesses, influencing the advancement of the immune system, its function, or both. There is a increase in percentage of immunodeficiency disorders among population. However, numerous patients are diagnosed late; numerous cases experience the ill effects of difficulties by chronic infections, end-organ damage, or even demise before the diagnosis is made. Ideal determination and suitable treatment remain key to the successful management of patients. The objective of this review is to overview the various systemic immunodeficiency disorders and their mechanism of occurrence of immunodeficiency.

A Novel Technique for Handling Small File Problem of HDFS: Hash Based Archive File (HBAF)

Now a day’s, Data is exponentially increasing with the advancement in the data science. Each and every digital footprint is generating enormous amount of data, which is further used for processing various tasks to generate important information for different end user applications. To handle such enormous amount of data, there are number of technologies available, Hadoop/HDFS is one of the big data handling technology. HDFS can easily handle the large files but when there is the case to deal with massive number of small files, the performance of the HDFS degrades. In this paper we have proposed a novel technique Hash Based Archive File (HBAF) that can solve the small file problem of the HDFS. The proposed technique is capable to read the final index files partly, that will reduce the memory load on the Name Node and offer the file appending capability after creation of the archiv.

Radiation fog over north India during winter from 1989-2004

Lkkj & bl 'kks/k-i= esa rsjg gokbZ vM~Mksa ds orZeku ekSle laca/kh vk¡dMksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, mÙkjh Hkkjr esa fofdj.k ;qDr dksgjs dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA gky gh ds o"kksZa esa Hkkjr ds mÙkjh Hkkxksa esa dksgjs dh mRifÙk esa cgqr vf/kd o`f) ik;h xbZ gSA pw¡fd bafnjk xk¡/kh vUrjjk"Vªh; ¼vkbZ- th- vkbZ-½ gokbZ vM~Ms dh o"kZ 1997&1998] 1998&1999] 1999&2000] 2000&2001] 2001&2002] 2002&2003 vkSj 2003&2004 ds nkSjku dqy 900 mM+kuksa ds ekxZ cnys x,A blfy, bl gokbZ vM~Ms ds oSekfudh izpkyuksa ij iM+s dksgjs ds izfrdwy izHkko dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA bafnjk xk¡/kh gokbZ vM~Ms ij dSV&I, dSV&II vkSj dSV&III izpkyuksa ds fy, foekuksa dks mrkjus esa lgk;d vR;f/kd l{ke midj.k iz.kkyh vkbZ- ,y- ,l- miyC/k djkbZ xbZ gSA bl 'kks/k&i= esa xr iUnzg o"kksZa ds LdksiksxzkQksa ifjdfyr de n`’;rk okys izpkyuksa ds fy, vko’;d juos dh n`’; jsatksa vkj- oh- vkj- dh mi;ksfxrk ij fopkj&foe’kZ fd;k x;k gSA mixzg }kjk dksgjs ij fd, x, izs{k.kksa dk /kjkryh; izs{k.kksa ds lkFk lgh rkyesy ik;k x;k gSA mixzg ls izkIr gq, fp= bl ckr dk izek.k gSa fd o"kZ 1998&1999 ds nkSjku mŸkjh Hkkjr esa vR;f/kd l?ku dksgjk vjc lkxj esa cus izpaM pØokr ls vR;f/kd ek=k esa vknzZrk ds izokg ds dkj.k cuk FkkA bl 'kks/k-i= esa bafnjk xk¡/kh gokbZ vM~Mk] y[kuÅ gokbZ vM~Mk] okjk.klh gokbZ vM~Mk vkSj ve`rlj gokbZ vM~Mk ij dksgjs ds nkSjku vf/kdre rkieku vkSj lkisf{kd vknzZrk dh folaxfr;ksa ds e/; laca/k dk irk yxkus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA Radiation fog over north India has been studied using current weather data of thirteen airports. There has been a tremendous increase in the fog formation over northern parts of India in recent years. An attempt has been made to study the adverse impact of fog on aeronautical operations at Indira Gandhi International (I.G.I.) airport as total number of flights diverted during 1997-98, 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02, 2002-03 and 2003-04 were about 900. I.G.I. airport is provided with a very efficient Instrument Landing System (ILS) for Cat-I, Cat-II and Cat-III operations. The utility of Runway Visual Ranges (RVRs) required for low visibility operations, calculated from skopographs, for the last fifteen years, has been discussed. Satellite observations on fog have been found to be in fair agreement with the surface observations. Most catastrophic fog formations, which occurred over north India during 1998-99, were found to be due to the enormous amount moisture flow from a severe cyclone formed in the Arabian Sea as evidenced in satellite imagery. An attempt has also been made to establish a relation of maximum temperature and Relative Humidity anomaly with the duration of fog at I.G.I. airport, Lucknow airport, Varanasi airport and Amritsar airport.

A billion-dollar donation: estimating the cost of researchers’ time spent on peer review

Background The amount and value of researchers’ peer review work is critical for academia and journal publishing. However, this labor is under-recognized, its magnitude is unknown, and alternative ways of organizing peer review labor are rarely considered. Methods Using publicly available data, we provide an estimate of researchers’ time and the salary-based contribution to the journal peer review system. Results We found that the total time reviewers globally worked on peer reviews was over 100 million hours in 2020, equivalent to over 15 thousand years. The estimated monetary value of the time US-based reviewers spent on reviews was over 1.5 billion USD in 2020. For China-based reviewers, the estimate is over 600 million USD, and for UK-based, close to 400 million USD. Conclusions By design, our results are very likely to be under-estimates as they reflect only a portion of the total number of journals worldwide. The numbers highlight the enormous amount of work and time that researchers provide to the publication system, and the importance of considering alternative ways of structuring, and paying for, peer review. We foster this process by discussing some alternative models that aim to boost the benefits of peer review, thus improving its cost-benefit ratio.

Upcycling Compact Discs for Bioelectronic Applications

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a global issue brought about by the short lifespan of electronics. Viable methods to relieve the inundated disposal system by repurposing the enormous amount of e-waste remain elusive. Inspired by the need for sustainable solutions, this study resulted in a multifaceted approach to upcycling compact discs (CDs). The once-ubiquitous plates can be transformed into stretchable and flexible biosensors. Our experiments and advanced prototypes show that effective, innovative biosensors can be developed at a low-cost. An affordable craft-based mechanical cutter allows pre-determined patterns to be scored on the recycled metal, an essential first step for producing stretchable, wearable electronics. The active metal harvested from the CDs was inert, cytocompatible, and capable of vital biopotential measurements. Additional studies examined the material’s resistive emittance, temperature sensing, real-time metabolite monitoring performance, and moisture-triggered transience. This sustainable approach for upcycling e-waste provides an advantageous research-based waste stream that does not require cutting-edge microfabrication facilities, expensive materials, and high-caliber engineering skills.