Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants

2020 ◽  
pp. 588-598
Author(s):  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann
Keyword(s):  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Precursors ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
Preverbal Infants

The meaning of verbal negation cannot be created ex-nihilo when words like ‘no’ and ‘not’ are first acquired. Rather, there must exist pre-lexical precursors of negation. This chapter, guided by the analysis of the meaning of early negative utterances, explores the infant cognition literature, in search of such precursors. We show that infants are able to learn behaviors relying on avoidance and to react to unfulfilled expectations. Furthermore, we present recent results suggesting that infants are able to represent the relation different (i.e. not the same), and that such representation suggests the existence of a precursor to truth-functional negation. Finally, the chapter discusses a fourth possible precursor of negation: inhibition.

scholarly journals Do 15-month-old infants prefer helpers? A replication of Hamlin et al . (2007)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Schlingloff ◽  
Gergely Csibra ◽  
Denis Tatone
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Familiarization Procedure

Hamlin et al . found in 2007 that preverbal infants displayed a preference for helpers over hinderers. The robustness of this finding and the conditions under which infant sociomoral evaluation can be elicited has since been debated. Here, we conducted a replication of the original study, in which we tested 14- to 16-month-olds using a familiarization procedure with three-dimensional animated video stimuli. Unlike previous replication attempts, ours uniquely benefited from detailed procedural advice by Hamlin. In contrast with the original results, only 16 out of 32 infants (50%) in our study reached for the helper; thus, we were not able to replicate the findings. A possible reason for this failure is that infants' preference for prosocial agents may not be reliably elicited with the procedure and stimuli adopted. Alternatively, the effect size of infants’ preference may be smaller than originally estimated. The study addresses ongoing methodological debates on the replicability of influential findings in infant cognition.

The Sixth Month

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
Vanessa LoBue
Keyword(s):  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Cognition And Learning ◽  
First Time ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Guided Play

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the sixth month of life. As her son begins to eat solid foods for the first time, the author marvels at how quickly and easily he learned to eat. The remainder of the chapter focuses on infant cognition and learning, discussing how we might investigate what preverbal infants understand, what they know, and how they come to know it. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of play in learning and how parents’ use of guided play might give infants a bit of a boost.

Dissociation between speech and music processing in preverbal infants

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Bortfeld ◽  
Eswen Fava ◽  
David A. Boas
Keyword(s):  
Preverbal Infants

Colluding to Create the American Society for Public Administration and the Consequent Collateral Damage

Public Voices ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordecai Lee
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Collateral Damage ◽  
University Of Chicago ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Doctoral Candidate ◽  
Revisionist History ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
American Society

The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) was founded in December 1939. This did not occur ex nihilo. Rather, it was the desired end-result of an elaborate and detailed collusion by some early public administration professionals including Louis Brownlow, Luther Gulick, and William Mosher. With patience and careful planning beginning in 1937, they designed a scenario that would, as the events they were catalyzing unfolded, undermine the Governmental Research Association (GRA) and provide justification for the new organization. This pre-birth campaign is often skipped over lightly in histories of ASPA. In particular, their collusion caused some serious collateral damage, destroying the academic career of University of Chicago doctoral candidate Norman Gill. This revisionist history explores the detailed maneuverings of the leaders of the nascent ASPA against GRA and how they, seemingly obliviously, wrecked the intended professional path of an innocent researcher who worked for them.

Causal Paradoxes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Causal Loop ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
Backward Causation

Chapter 5 surveys the various causal paradoxes of time travel. Section 1 introduces the concept of a causal loop and reviews some of the standard arguments against backward causation. Sections 2 focuses on the bootstrapping paradox, and the question of whether or not time travel allows for self-caused events. Section 3 addresses the ex nihilo paradox, and the question of whether or not time travel allows for uncaused events. Section 4 looks at the restoration paradox, and the question of how to understand the life cycle of an object in a causal loop. Section 5 considers D. H. Mellor’s frequency-based argument against causal loops. Section 6 discusses Michael Tooley’s counterfactual-based argument against backward causation.

scholarly journals Backscatter Ex-Nihilo: Single-component, Fully-passive Backscattering for Microcontrollers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart J. Thomas ◽  
Brian P. Degnan ◽  
Cristel Callupe Chavez ◽  
Billy Culver
Keyword(s):  
Single Component ◽  
Ex Nihilo

scholarly journals Solidarity of the shaken: from the experience (Erlebnis) to history

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Belejkaničová
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Violence ◽  
Critical Dialogue ◽  
Pierre Teilhard De Chardin ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
Post War ◽  
Opening Up ◽  
Usual Pattern

AbstractIn his Heretical Essays, Jan Patočka introduces the concept of the solidarity of the shaken. He argues that it emerges in the conditions of political violence—the frontline experience (Fronterlebnis). Moreover, Patočka brings into discussion the puzzling concepts of day, night, metanoia and sacrifice, which only further problematise the idea. Researching how other thinkers have examined the phenomenon of the frontline experience, it becomes obvious that Patočka did not invent the obscure vocabulary ex nihilo. Concepts such as frontline experience, sacrifice and the metaphors of the day and night were commonly used by thinkers in the inter-war and post-war eras in their examination of community (Gemeinschaft). This study aims to reconstruct the idea of the solidarity of the shaken as contextualized within a broader scholarly debate on the concept of community (Gemeinschaft). Through the critical dialogue between Patočka’s works and the works of Ernst Jünger and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, this study will portray how Patočka, in his discourse on the frontline experience, follows the usual pattern of overcoming one’s individuality, transcending and opening up to the constitution of solidarity. This paper will argue that Patočka defined the solidarity of the shaken in an attempt to revive the positive aspects of a community and break with the regressive (if not sinister) uses to which it was put in the twentieth century.

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