scholarly journals Do 15-month-old infants prefer helpers? A replication of Hamlin et al . (2007)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Schlingloff ◽  
Gergely Csibra ◽  
Denis Tatone
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Familiarization Procedure

Hamlin et al . found in 2007 that preverbal infants displayed a preference for helpers over hinderers. The robustness of this finding and the conditions under which infant sociomoral evaluation can be elicited has since been debated. Here, we conducted a replication of the original study, in which we tested 14- to 16-month-olds using a familiarization procedure with three-dimensional animated video stimuli. Unlike previous replication attempts, ours uniquely benefited from detailed procedural advice by Hamlin. In contrast with the original results, only 16 out of 32 infants (50%) in our study reached for the helper; thus, we were not able to replicate the findings. A possible reason for this failure is that infants' preference for prosocial agents may not be reliably elicited with the procedure and stimuli adopted. Alternatively, the effect size of infants’ preference may be smaller than originally estimated. The study addresses ongoing methodological debates on the replicability of influential findings in infant cognition.

DIFFERENCES IN KNEE JOINT KINEMATICS AND KINETICS DURING LEVEL WALKING AND WALKING WITH TWO TYPES OF POLES — FOCUS ON KNEE VARUS MOMENT

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350018
Author(s):  
Susumu Ota ◽  
Ai Nakanishi ◽  
Hirotaka Sato ◽  
Seiji Akita ◽  
Kazunori Hase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Knee Kinematics ◽  
Joint Kinematics ◽  
Level Walking ◽  
Front Condition ◽  
Knee Joint Kinematics ◽  
Gait Modification ◽  
Kinematics And Kinetics

Walking with poles is one of the gait modification strategies for reducing external knee varus moments in people with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, there are two types of pole techniques, Nordic walking (NW: pole back condition) and pole walking (PW: pole front condition). The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in knee joint kinematics, and kinetics during level walking, and two types of walking with poles. A total of 22 subjects with a mean age of 21.2 years (SD: 1.3 years) participated. Three-dimensional gait analysis was conducted on level walking (LW), NW and PW. The first and second peaks of the knee kinematic and kinetic data and ground reaction forces were used. No significant differences were found between NW and PW in the knee kinematics and kinetics data. The second peak of the knee varus moment in NW and PW (0.34 and 0.33 Nm/kg, respectively) was significantly decreased compared to LW (0.42 Nm/kg, p < 0.01; Effect size = 0.70, p < 0.01; Effect size = 0.82). The first peak of the flexion moment in the knee during NW (1.2 Nm/kg) was significantly higher compared to LW (1.2 Nm/kg, p < 0.01; Effect size = 0.98). However, the present study could not clarify any different effect on the knee joint due to different instructions of the back pole and forward pole technique.

Assessing Evidence for Replication: A Likelihood-Based Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dixon ◽  
Scott Glover
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Fundamental Issue ◽  
Interesting Effect ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Science Collaboration

How to evaluate replications is a fundamental issue in experimental methodology. We develop a likelihood-based approach to assessing evidence for replication. In this approach, the design of the original study is used to derive an estimate of a theoretically interesting effect size.A likelihood ratio is then calculated to contrast the match of two models to the data from the replication attempt: 1) A model based on the derived theoretically interesting effect size; and 2) a null model. This approach provides new insights not available with existing methods of assessingreplication. When applied to data from the Replication Project (Open Science Collaboration, 2015), the procedure indicates that a large portion of the replications failed to find evidence for a theoretically interesting effect.

scholarly journals Temporal–spatial parameters of gait in transfemoral amputees: Comparison of bionic and mechanically passive knee joints

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Uchytil ◽  
Daniel Jandacka ◽  
David Zahradnik ◽  
Roman Farana ◽  
Miroslav Janura
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optoelectronic Device ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gait Symmetry ◽  
Swing Time ◽  
Spatial Parameters ◽  
Stance Time ◽  
Transfemoral Amputees

Background:A symmetrical gait affords the most efficient walking pattern. Bionic prostheses should provide better gait symmetry than mechanically passive prostheses with respect to a nonpathological gait.Objectives:To compare the basic temporal–spatial parameters of gait in transfemoral amputees fitted with bionic or mechanically passive prosthetic knees with those of subjects with a nonpathological gait.Study design:Three-dimensional gait analysis using an optoelectronic device.Methods:Eight transfemoral amputees participated in the study. Subjects walked across two dynamometric platforms a total of 15 times. Movement kinematics were measured using optoelectronic stereophotogrammetry.Results:The swing time of the affected limb in patients fitted with a mechanically passive knee joint was longer than that of the nonaffected limb by 0.055 s (effect size = 1.57). Compared with the control group, the swing time of the prosthetic limb in patients fitted with a mechanically passive knee was longer by 0.042 s (effect size = 2.1). Similarly, the stance time of the nonaffected limb was longer by 0.047 s (effect size = 1.07).Conclusions:Compared with a mechanically passive knee joint, a bionic knee joint evinced gait symmetry. Both the stance time and the swing time for amputees with a bionic knee were similar to those of nonamputees.Clinical relevanceProsthetists aim to design prostheses that achieve a good symmetry between the healthy and affected limbs. The use of bionic technology achieves a level of symmetry approaching that observed in nonamputees.

scholarly journals High Replicability of Newly-Discovered Social-behavioral Findings is Achievable

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Protzko ◽  
Jon Krosnick ◽  
Leif D. Nelson ◽  
Brian A. Nosek ◽  
Jordan Axt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Significance Testing ◽  
Replication Rate ◽  
Optimal Methods ◽  
Optimal Procedures ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
High Statistical Power

Failures to replicate evidence of new discoveries have forced scientists to ask whether this unreliability is due to suboptimal implementation of optimal methods or whether presumptively optimal methods are not, in fact, optimal. This paper reports an investigation by four coordinated laboratories of the prospective replicability of 16 novel experimental findings using current optimal practices: high statistical power, preregistration, and complete methodological transparency. In contrast to past systematic replication efforts that reported replication rates averaging 50%, replication attempts here produced the expected effects with significance testing (p&lt;.05) in 86% of attempts, slightly exceeding maximum expected replicability based on observed effect size and sample size. When one lab attempted to replicate an effect discovered by another lab, the effect size in the replications was 97% that of the original study. This high replication rate justifies confidence in rigor enhancing methods and suggests that past failures to replicate may be attributable to departures from optimal procedures.

Cognitive Precursors of Negation in Preverbal Infants

2020 ◽  
pp. 588-598
Author(s):  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann
Keyword(s):  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Precursors ◽  
Ex Nihilo ◽  
Preverbal Infants

The meaning of verbal negation cannot be created ex-nihilo when words like ‘no’ and ‘not’ are first acquired. Rather, there must exist pre-lexical precursors of negation. This chapter, guided by the analysis of the meaning of early negative utterances, explores the infant cognition literature, in search of such precursors. We show that infants are able to learn behaviors relying on avoidance and to react to unfulfilled expectations. Furthermore, we present recent results suggesting that infants are able to represent the relation different (i.e. not the same), and that such representation suggests the existence of a precursor to truth-functional negation. Finally, the chapter discusses a fourth possible precursor of negation: inhibition.

scholarly journals Compensatory Conscientiousness Redux

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren B. Nickel ◽  
James Iveniuk ◽  
Brent W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Structured Data ◽  
Health And Retirement Study ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Physical Limitations ◽  
Compensatory Effect ◽  
Retirement Study

The present study attempted to closely replicate Roberts, Smith, Jackson, and Edmonds (2009) who found, in part, a compensatory effect such that individuals with spouses higher in conscientiousness reported higher self-rated health and fewer physical limitations in the Health and Retirement Study. Using similarly structured data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project ( N = 953), the current study found results largely consistent with the original study such that partner conscientiousness predicted both self-rated health and physical limitations, and husbands’ conscientiousness and neuroticism interacted when predicting wives’ self-rated health. A discussion of the usefulness of statistical significance versus effect size in replication follows.

scholarly journals Infants’ Social Evaluation of Helpers and Hinderers: A Large-Scale, Multi-Lab, Coordinated Replication Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Lucca ◽  
Arthur Capelier-Mourguy ◽  
Krista Byers-Heinlein ◽  
Laura Cirelli ◽  
Rodrigo Dal Ben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Social Evaluation ◽  
True Effect Size ◽  
True Effect ◽  
The Hill

Evaluating others’ actions as praiseworthy or blameworthy is a fundamental aspect of human nature. A seminal study published in 2007 suggested that the ability to form social evaluations based on third-party interactions emerges within the first year of life, considerably earlier than previously thought (Hamlin, Wynn, &amp; Bloom, 2007). In this study, infants demonstrated a preference for a character (i.e., a shape with eyes) who helped, over one who hindered, another character who tried but failed to climb a hill. This study sparked a new line of inquiry into infants’ social evaluations; however, numerous attempts to replicate the original findings yielded mixed results, with some reporting effects not reliably different from chance. These failed replications point to at least two possibilities: (1) the original study may have overestimated the true effect size of infants’ preference for helpers, or (2) key methodological or contextual differences from the original study may have compromised the replication attempts. Here we present a pre-registered, closely coordinated, multi-laboratory, standardized study aimed at replicating the helping/hindering finding using a well-controlled video version of the hill show. We intended to (1) provide a precise estimate of the true effect size of infants’ preference for helpers over hinderers, and (2) determine the degree to which infants’ preferences are based on social features of the Helper/Hinderer scenarios. XYZ labs participated in the study yielding a total sample size of XYZ infants between the ages of 5.5 and 10.5 months. Brief summary of results will be added after data collection.

scholarly journals A study based on TAM model about debugging tools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Pereira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Fault Localization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Statistical Effect ◽  
Tam Model ◽  
Visualization Tools ◽  
Textual Representation

Debugging is the task of locating and fixing defects in a program.Despite the increase of its importance in last decades, debuggingis responsible for a large part of costs in a software project by organizations.Among the techniques proposed to minimize thesedifficulties, Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SFL) is a promisingdebugging technique due to it is relative low execution cost.Recently, visualization tools have been proposed to represent thesuspicious values of program elements with SFL techniques in differentmetaphors. Some tools use textual representation and others avisual representation. In this paper, we compare two SFL debuggingtools. Jaguar presents the most suspicious elements of a programin a list sorted by suspicious values. CodeForest represents the programin a three dimensional cacti forest. In this article are presentedthe results of an evaluation with 119 students to assess the usabilityperception of these tools to the fault localization by TechnologyAcceptance Model (TAM). This model aims to help organizationsduring the evaluation of new technologies. The results of studyshow that Jaguar has greater usability than CodeForest; however,the statistical effect size observed is low between them.

How Replicable Are Links Between Personality Traits and Consequential Life Outcomes? The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication Project

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Soto
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Behavioral Science ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Individual Effects

The Big Five personality traits have been linked to dozens of life outcomes. However, metascientific research has raised questions about the replicability of behavioral science. The Life Outcomes of Personality Replication (LOOPR) Project was therefore conducted to estimate the replicability of the personality-outcome literature. Specifically, I conducted preregistered, high-powered (median N = 1,504) replications of 78 previously published trait–outcome associations. Overall, 87% of the replication attempts were statistically significant in the expected direction. The replication effects were typically 77% as strong as the corresponding original effects, which represents a significant decline in effect size. The replicability of individual effects was predicted by the effect size and design of the original study, as well as the sample size and statistical power of the replication. These results indicate that the personality-outcome literature provides a reasonably accurate map of trait–outcome associations but also that it stands to benefit from efforts to improve replicability.

The Sixth Month

2019 ◽  
pp. 213-226
Author(s):  
Vanessa LoBue
Keyword(s):  
Infant Cognition ◽  
Solid Foods ◽  
Cognition And Learning ◽  
First Time ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
Guided Play

This chapter describes the development of the infant in the sixth month of life. As her son begins to eat solid foods for the first time, the author marvels at how quickly and easily he learned to eat. The remainder of the chapter focuses on infant cognition and learning, discussing how we might investigate what preverbal infants understand, what they know, and how they come to know it. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of play in learning and how parents’ use of guided play might give infants a bit of a boost.

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