Fine particles derived from diesel engines, diesel exhaust particles (DEP), have been shown to augment gene expression of several inflammatory cytokines in human airway epithelial cells in vitro. However, it remains unclear whether or not DEP have any effect on the expression and production of eotaxin, an important chemokine involved in eosinophil recruitment into the airways. We studied the effects of DEP by using a conventional suspended DEP and by a recently established in vitro cell exposure system to diesel exhaust (Abe S, Takizawa H, Sugawara I, and Kudoh S, Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 22: 296–303, 2000). DEP showed a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on eotaxin production by normal human peripheral airway epithelial cells as well as by bronchial epithelial cell line BET-1A as assessed by specific ELISA. mRNA levels increased by DEP were shown by RT-PCR. DEP showed an additive effect on IL-13-stimulated eotaxin expression. DEP induced NF-κB activation by EMSA as previously reported but did not induce signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 activation according to Western blot analysis. Finally, antioxidant agents ( N-acetyl cysteine and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate), which inhibited NF-κB activation but failed to affect STAT6 activation, almost completely attenuated DEP-induced eotaxin production, whereas these agents failed to attenuate IL-13-induced eotaxin production. These findings suggested that DEP stimulated eotaxin gene expression via NF-κB-dependent, but STAT6-independent, pathways.
In Vitro Transformation of Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells by Diesel Exhaust Particles: Gene Expression Profiling and Early Toxic Responses