Visualization of α-Amylase Movement and Cell Wall Breakdown During Barley Malting�Practical Application of Current Research

Nuclear movement before karyogamy in eukaryotes is known as pronuclear migration or as nuclear congression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, S. cerevisiae is used as a model system to study microtubule (MT)-dependent nuclear movements during mating. We find that nuclear congression occurs through the interaction of MT plus ends rather than sliding and extensive MT overlap. Furthermore, the orientation and attachment of MTs to the shmoo tip before cell wall breakdown is not required for nuclear congression. The MT plus end–binding proteins Kar3p, a class 14 COOH-terminal kinesin, and Bik1p, the CLIP-170 orthologue, localize to plus ends in the shmoo tip and initiate MT interactions and depolymerization after cell wall breakdown. These data support a model in which nuclear congression in budding yeast occurs by plus end MT capture and depolymerization, generating forces sufficient to move nuclei through the cytoplasm. This is the first evidence that MT plus end interactions from oppositely oriented organizing centers can provide the force for organelle transport in vivo.

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The use of14C-labelled substrates to study plant cell wall breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1079/pns19960089 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 927-936 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Callum J. Buchanan ◽

Stephen C. Fry ◽

Martin A. Eastwood

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Cell Wall Breakdown

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Prediction of Extract Potential in New Barley Varieties by Measuring Cell-wall Breakdown

Journal of the Institute of Brewing ◽

10.1002/j.2050-0416.2001.tb00088.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

C. Walker ◽

K. Dickie ◽

J.-P. Biawa ◽

T. Ueda ◽

R. E. Muller

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Measuring Cell ◽

Cell Wall Breakdown

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Comparison of Cell Wall Microstructure of Aluminum Foams Produced by Melt Foaming and Gas Injection Foaming Processes

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.540 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 457-458 ◽

pp. 540-543

Author(s):

Yu Tong Zhou ◽

Yan Xiang Li ◽

Xing Nan Liu ◽

Wen Wen Yuan

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Base Alloy ◽

Gas Injection ◽

Secondary Phases ◽

Practical Application ◽

Aluminum Foams ◽

Foaming Process ◽

Metallurgical Structure ◽

The Difference

Aluminum foams from A356 base alloy were produced by both the melt foaming process and gas injection foaming process. A comparison of microstructures between the two kinds of aluminum foams was carried out. The related causes were analyzed to form the difference in microstructure. Results indicate that aluminum foams produced by different processes are distinct in metallurgical structure. The average thickness of cell wall, the species and area fraction of secondary phases or particles and other metallurgical features have been all comparatively studied. The difference in microstructure features of the cell walls will also make the aluminum foams different in mechanical properties. Therefore, we need to select proper foaming process for aluminum foams according to the property requirements in practical application.

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