First Report of Brown Rot on Peach Caused by Monilia polystroma in Slovenia

Monilia polystroma van Leeuwen is a new Japanese species, similar to M. fructigena but distinguishable based on morphological and molecular characteristics (3). After its first discovery on apple in Japan, occurance of M. polystroma in Europe has been reported in Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Switzerland (2,3,4). In October 2011, during a survey for apple fungal pathogens in the Bela Crkva district, 15 apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. Golden Delicious were collected. Two isolates of Monilinia polystroma were obtained from apple fruit showing brown rot, covered with small yellowish sporodohia. The pathogen was identified as M. polystroma based on morphological and molecular features (1,3). Upon isolation, colonies cultivated on PDA were white to grayish and the mycelium grew 8.85 mm per day at 22 ± 1°C in 12-h light/12-h dark regime. After 6 to 8 days of incubation, black stromatal plates were observed on the reverse sides of the inoculated petri dishes. Conidia were one-celled, limoniform, hyaline, 14.7 to 21.88 μm (16.2 mean) × 7.85 to 12.92 μm (10.8 mean), and were produced in branched monilioid chains on inoculated apple fruit. Morphological identification was confirmed by PCR (1) using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelium of pure cultures, and amplified products of 425 bp in length, specific for M. polystroma were amplified as expected with primers MO368-5 and MO368-8R. For one isolate, the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was obtained, using primers ITS1 and ITS4, and deposited in GenBank (Accession No JX315717). The sequence was 498 bp in length and showed 100% identity with sequences deposited for M. polystroma in NCBI GenBank (JN128835, AM937114, GU067539). Pathogenicity was confirmed by wound-inoculating five surface-sterilized, mature apple fruit with mycelium plugs (5 mm in diameter) of both isolates grown on PDA. Control fruit were inoculated with sterile PDA plugs. After 3 days of incubation in plastic containers, under high humidity (RH 90 to 95%) at 22 ± 1°C, typical symptoms of brown rot developed on inoculated fruit, while control fruit remained symptomless. Isolates recovered from symptomatic fruit showed the same morphological and molecular characteristics as original isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. polystroma in Serbia. Further studies are necessary to estimate the economic importance and geographic distribution of this organism in Serbia. References: (1) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (2) M. Hilber-Bodmer et al. Plant Dis. 96: 146, 2012. (3) G. C. M. van Leeuwen et al. Mycol. Res. 106: 444, 2002. (4) OEPP/EPPO Reporting Service. Retrieved from http://archives.eppo.int/EPPOReporting/2011/Rse-1106.pdf

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First Report of Brown Rot on Plum Caused by Monilia polystroma in China

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-4-0478a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 478-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

X. Q. Zhu ◽

L. Y. Guo

Keyword(s):

Ribosomal Rna ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Its Region ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Monilinia Fructigena ◽

First Report ◽

Plant Pathol ◽

Monilia Polystroma

In August 2008, mummies of dwarf sweet plum (Prunus aitianli) fruit covered with grayish, conidial tufts were found in an orchard in Mudanjiang City of Heilongjiang in China. Conidial masses were touched with a sterilized wire loop and streaked onto the surface of water agar (WA) plates. After incubating at 22 ± 2°C for 16 to 24 h, individual germinated spores were picked out with a sterilized scalpel blade under a microscope in a laminar flow cabinet, and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) in petri dishes. Mycelium grew an average of 10.7 mm per day on PDA and formed a white-to-grayish colony with irregular, black stroma 12 days after incubation at 22 ± 2°C under 12-h light/12-h dark. The average size of stroma was 8.19 cm2 per petri dish 37 days after incubation in the dark. The conidia were one-celled, hyaline, lemon-shaped, 15.2 (10.8 to 18.9) × 10.9 (8.3 to 16.3) μm, and arranged in branched monilioid chains on inoculated apples. The PCR products of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 and 2 and 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 was directly sequenced in both directions using the PCR primers. The sequence of the Monilia polystroma isolate (GenBank Accession No. GU067539) was identical to the reference isolate of M. polystroma (CBS102686), containing five nucleotides that distinguish it from Monilinia fructigena (1,3). The pathogen was identified as M. polystroma on the basis of morphological characteristics (3) and the sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region 1 and 2 and 5.8S gene of the ribosomal RNA. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating surface-sterilized, mature plum and apple fruit wounded with a nail, with a mycelial plug (5 mm in diameter) of the fungus at each wound. Fruit treated with plain PDA plugs were used as a control. Inoculated fruits were placed in a sterilized moist chamber at room temperature (23 to 28°C). Fifteen plums and nine apples were used in each of two replicated tests. All inoculated fruit developed typical brown rot symptoms 4 days after inoculation, while the control fruit remained healthy. M. polystroma was reisolated from the inoculated fruit and identified by the above methods. M. polystroma was first reported on apple in Japan (3) and it was recently discovered in an apple orchard in Hungary (2). Although the occurrence of Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia laxa, and Monilinia fructigena (teleomorphs of the three Monilia spp.) in China have been documented, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of M. polystroma in China. References: (1) C. E. Fulton et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 105:495, 1999. (2) M. Petróczy and L. Palkovics. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 125:343, 2009. (3) G. C. M. van Leeuwen et al. Mycol. Res. 106:444, 2002.

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First Report of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructicola Affecting Peach Orchards in Slovenia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-94-9-1166a ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 94 (9) ◽

pp. 1166-1166 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

A. Munda ◽

M. Viršček Marn

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Monilinia Fructicola ◽

Conidial Suspension ◽

Stone Fruits ◽

The European Union ◽

First Report ◽

Representative Isolate

Monilinia fructicola, the causal agent of brown rot, is a destructive fungal pathogen that affects mainly stone fruits (Prunoideae). It causes fruit rot, blossom wilt, twig blight, and canker formation and is common in North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand. M. fructicola is listed as a quarantine pathogen in the European Union and was absent from this region until 2001 when it was detected in France. In August 2009, mature peaches (Prunus persica cv. Royal Glory) with brown rot were found in a 5-year-old orchard in Goriška, western Slovenia. Symptoms included fruit lesions and mummified fruits. Lesions were brown, round, rapidly extending, and covered with abundant gray-to-buff conidial tufts. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified based on morphological and molecular characters. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated at 25°C in darkness had an average daily growth rate of 7.7 mm. They were initially colorless and later they were light gray with black stromatal plates and dense, hazel sporogenous mycelium. Colony margins were even. Sporulation was abundant and usually developed in distinct concentric zones. Limoniform conidia, produced in branched chains, measured 10.1 to 17.7 μm (mean = 12.1 μm) × 6.2 to 8.6 μm (mean = 7.3 μm) on PDA. Germinating conidia produced single germ tubes whose mean length ranged from 251 to 415 μm. Microconidia were abundant, globose, and 3 μm in diameter. Morphological characters resembled those described for M. fructicola (1). Morphological identification was confirmed by amplifying genomic DNA of isolates with M. fructicola species-specific primers (2–4). Sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (spanning ITS1 and ITS 2 plus 5.8 rDNA) of a representative isolate was generated using primers ITS1 and ITS4 and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GU967379). BLAST analysis of the 516-bp PCR product revealed 100% identity with several sequences deposited for M. fructicola in NCBI GenBank. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating five mature surface-sterilized peaches with 10 μl of a conidial suspension (104 conidia ml–1) obtained from one representative isolate. Sterile distilled water was used as a control. Peaches were wounded prior to inoculation. After 5 days of incubation at room temperature and 100% relative humidity, typical brown rot symptoms developed around the inoculation point, while controls showed no symptoms. M. fructicola was reisolated from lesion margins. Peach and nectarine orchards in a 5-km radius from the outbreak site were surveyed in September 2009 and M. fructicola was confirmed on mummified fruits from seven orchards. The pathogen was not detected in orchards from other regions of the country, where only the two endemic species M. laxa and M. fructigena were present. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fructicola associated with brown rot of stone fruits in Slovenia. References: (1) L. R. Batra. Page 106 in: World Species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their Ecology, Biosystematics and Control. J. Cramer, Berlin, 1991. (2) M.-J. Côté et al. Plant Dis. 88:1219, 2004. (3) K. J. D. Hughes et al. EPPO Bull. 30:507, 2000. (4) R. Ioos and P. Frey. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 106:373, 2000.

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Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhl: A cause of brown rot of stone fruits not previously recorded in Australia

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9650141 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 141 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

PT Jenkins

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Stone Fruits ◽

Prunus Domestica ◽

Cultural Characteristics ◽

First Report ◽

Brown Rot Fungus ◽

Twig Blight

A fungus with the cultural characteristics of Sclerotinia laxa Aderh. & Ruhl. has been determined as a cause of blossom and twig blight and fruit rot of stone fruits in southern Victoria. This is the first report of a brown rot species other than S. fructicola (Wint.) Rehm. occurring in Australia. European plum (Prunus domestica) is the host most severely affected, and there is evidence that the disease has spread from this host to adjacent cherry, peach, and apricot varieties. The distribution of S. laxa appears to be restricted to the Wandin, Tyabb, and Red Hill districts of southern Victoria. S. fructicola also is a cause of blossom blight and fruit rot in these districts, and is the only brown rot fungus which causes losses of stone fruits in the major canning fruit districts of northern Victoria.

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Distinction of the Asiatic brown rot fungus Monilia polystroma sp. nov. from M. fructigena

Mycological Research ◽

10.1017/s0953756202005695 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 106 (4) ◽

pp. 444-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Gerard C.M. Van Leeuwen ◽

Robert P. Baa Yen ◽

Imre J. Holb ◽

Michael J. Jeger

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Brown Rot Fungus ◽

Monilia Polystroma

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First report of Pilidium concavum causing tan-brown rot in strawberry fruits in Brazil

Plant Pathology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02331.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 1171-1172 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

U. P. Lopes ◽

L. Zambolim ◽

U. N. Lopes ◽

O. L. Pereira ◽

H. Costa

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

First Report

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First Report of Brown Rot on Peach, Nectarine, Cherry, and Plum Fruits Caused by Monilinia fructicola in Bulgaria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-19-2094-pdn ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (5) ◽

pp. 1561-1561

Author(s):

S. G. Bobev ◽

L. T. Angelov ◽

K. Van Poucke ◽

M. Maes

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Monilinia Fructicola ◽

First Report

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The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): II. Important features of their epidemiology (Review paper)

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/10/1/435 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

I. J. Holb

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Stem Canker ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Disease Epidemiology ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Monilia Polystroma

Plant disease epidemiology provides the key to both a better understanding of the nature of a disease and the most effective approach to disease control. Brown rot fungi (Monilinia spp.) cause mainly fruit rot, blossom blight and stem canker which results in considerable yield losses both in the field and in the storage place. In order to provide a better disease control strategy, all aspects of brown rot fungi epidemiology are discribed and discussed in the second part of this review. The general disease cycle of Monilinia fructigena„M. laxa, M. fructicola and Monilia polystroma is described. After such environmental and biological factors are presented which influence the development of hyphae, mycelium, conidia, stroma and apothecial formation. Factors affecting the ability of brown rot fungi to survive are also demonstrated. Then spatio-temporal dynamics of brown rot fungi are discussed. In the last two parts, the epidemiology of brown rot fungi was related to disease warning models and some aspects of disease management.

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