Dextrorphan is a dextrorotatory morphinan and a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. We studied the dose response characteristics of dextrorphan's neuroprotective efficacy and side effects, correlating these beneficial and adverse responses with plasma and brain levels in a rabbit model of transient focal cerebral ischemia. Thirty-three rabbits, anesthetized with halothane, underwent occlusion of the left internal carotid and anterior cerebral arteries for 1 h, followed by 4.5 h of reperfusion. One hour after the onset of ischemia, they were treated with an i.v. infusion of varying dextrorphan doses or normal saline. After killing, the brains were analyzed for ischemic high signal intensity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and for ischemic neuronal damage with histopathology. A separate group of 12 anesthetized ischemic rabbits received similar doses of dextrorphan, correlating plasma with brain dextrorphan levels. Twenty-six additional dextrorphan unanesthetized, nonischemic rabbits received infusions of dextrorphan to correlate behavioral side effects with dextrorphan dose and levels. Compared with controls, the dextrorphan 15 mg/kg group had significantly less cortical ischemic neuronal damage (5.3 versus 33.2%, p = 0.01) and a reduction in cortical MRI high signal area (9.1 versus 41.2%, p = 0.02). The dextrorphan 10 mg/kg rabbits showed less cortical ischemic neuronal damage (27.2%) and less MRI high signal (34.8%) but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.6). Dextrorphan 5 mg/kg had no benefit on either neocortical ischemic neuronal damage (35.8%) or MRI high signal (42.9%). The protective effect of dextrorphan was correlated with plasma free dextrorphan levels (r = −0.50, p < 0.02 for ischemic neuronal damage; r = −0.66, p < 0.001 for ischemic MRI high signal). All the rabbits with plasma levels > 2,000 ng/ml had < 12% cortical ischemic neuronal damage and < 34% MRI high signal. All rabbits with plasma levels > 3,000 ng/ml showed < 7% ischemic neuronal damage and < 11% MRI high signal. Plasma levels of ∼2,500 ng/ml correlated with brain dextrorphan levels of ∼6,000 ng/g. Unanesthetized rabbits with plasma levels of ∼2,500 ng/ml demonstrated loss of the righting reflex. These results demonstrate that systemic treatment with dextrorphan after 1 h focal ischemia can significantly protect against cerebral damage if adequate plasma and brain levels of dextrorphan are achieved. The brain levels necessary to obtain in vivo protection are similar to concentrations that prevent glutamate or NMDA-induced injury in neuronal culture.
The mitochondrial K
ATP
channel opener BMS‐191095 reduces neuronal damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats