Chronic heart failure (HF) is characterized by increased sympathetic drive. Enhanced angiotensin II (ANG II) activity may contribute to the increased sympathoexcitation under HF condition. The present study examined sympathoexcitation by 1) the effects of ANG II in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and 2) the altered ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor expression during HF. Left coronary artery ligation was used to induce HF. In the anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats, microinjection of ANG II (0.05–1 nmol) into the PVN increased RSNA, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) in both sham-operated and HF rats. The responses of RSNA and HR were significantly enhanced in rats with HF compared with sham rats (RSNA: 64 ± 8% vs. 33 ± 4%, P < 0.05). Microinjection of AT1 receptor antagonist losartan into the PVN produced a decrease of RSNA, MAP, and HR in both sham and HF rats. The RSNA and HR responses to losartan in HF rats were significantly greater (RSNA: −25 ± 4% vs. −13 ± 1%, P < 0.05). Using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, we found that there were significant increases in the AT1 receptor mRNA (Δ186 ± 39%) and protein levels (Δ88 ± 20%) in the PVN of rats with HF ( P < 0.05). The immunofluorescence of AT1 receptors was significantly higher in the PVN of rats with HF. These data support the conclusion that an increased angiotensinergic activity on sympathetic regulation, due to the upregulation of ANG II AT1 receptors within the PVN, may contribute to the elevated sympathoexcitation that is observed during HF.
Exercise training normalizes enhanced NMDA‐mediated changes in renal sympathetic nerve activity and NR1 expression within the PVN in heart failure rats
