Comparative Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Five Species of Ricaniidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) and Phylogenetic Implications

Ricaniidae is a relatively small planthopper family with about 69 genera and 442 species worldwide. Members of this family occur throughout the warm temperate and tropical regions. Some species cause devastating damage to major agricultural and economic plants. However, the relationship between Ricaniidae and other families of Fulgoroidea needs to be further explored. The morphological definitions of the two biggest genera, Pochazia Amyot & Serville, 1843 and Ricania Germar, 1818 (the type genus of Ricaniidae) remain controversial. In this study, mitogenomes of five representatives in these two genera were decoded using the next-generation sequence method and genome assembly. Results showed that their complete mitogenomes are circular DNA molecules with 15,457 to 16,411 bp. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) begin with the start codon ATN, GTG or TTG and end with TAA, TAG, an incomplete stop codon single T or an incomplete stop codon single A. A lost DHU arm was discovered in the trnS gene of the five mitogenomes and the trnV gene within Pochaziaconfusa, Pochazia guttifera and Ricania simulans. The remnant tRNAs folded into clover-leaf structures. The sliding window, genetic distance, and Ka/Ks analyses indicated that the cox1 gene is the slowest evolving and is relatively conserved. The phylogenetic tree topologies support (Delphacidae + (((Issidae + (Lophopidae + Caliscelidae)) + (Flatidae + Ricaniidae)) + (Achilidae + (Dictyopharidae + Fulgoridae)))) as the best topology, as recognized by both PhyloBayes, RAxML and MrBayes based on four data sets (PCG, PCGRNA, PCG12, PCG12RNA). The monophyly of Ricaniidae and the sister group status of two families Flatidae and Ricaniidae are supported, but all analyses failed to support the monophyly of Pochazia and Ricania. The diagnoses between these two genera cannot be resolved until more evidence is acquired.

ANALISIS ARUS KONSTAN PADA SOLAR CELL DENGAN PENGATURAN DUAL AXIS TRACKING

Dalam proses pengisian aki (charging) dengan sumber listrik yang berasal dari solar cell,tentunya diperlukan sebuah alat kontrol yang berfungsi mengatur sistem pengisian energi listrikyang biasa disebut solar charge controller atau kontrol pengisian. Pada aplikasinya, adakalanyapenggunaan alat kontrol pengisian tersebut masih terdapat kekurangan, diantaranya ialah alattersebut hanya dapat digunakan untuk pengisian aki dengan tegangan 12 dan 24 volt saja. Sehinggajika digunakan untuk tegangan yang lebih tinggi dari itu, maka diperlukan modifikasi sistempengisian yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan untuk menganalisa arus konstan yang dihasilkan, untuk itudigunakan dual tracking solar cell sebagai sumber charging sistem aki sehingga didapatkan sistempengisian aki yang efisien. Sistem yang digunakan kita sebut dengan sequence method, yaitupengisian dengan cara bergantian satu persatu sampai kondisi kapasitas aki penuh dengan caramengontrol alat yang telah diprogram untuk bekerja dengan cara memaksimumkan output arus yangdi peroleh dari pergerakan solar panel mengikuti sudut azimuth dan altitude dari matahari. Tujuanyang ingin dicapai dari penelitian ini adalah pencapaian arus yang konstan dengan rate 0.1A denganmemaksimalkan pergerakan solar panel mengikuti pergerakan arah matahari.

Effects of Malted Rice Amazake on Constipation Symptoms and Gut Microbiota in Children and Adults with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities: A Pilot Study

Constipation is a frequent complication in patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID). The aim of this study was to investigate changes in constipation symptoms and gut microbiota associated with the intake of malted rice amazake, a fermented food in Japan, in patients with SMID. Ten patients consumed the test food for six weeks, and their physical condition, dietary and medication status, and constipation assessment scale (CAS) were investigated. Comprehensive fecal microbiome analysis using the 16S rRNA sequence method was performed. The results showed a significant decrease in CAS, and a significant increase in Lactobacillales and decrease in Escherichia-Shigella after consuming malted rice amazake. To investigate the difference in the effects of malted rice amazake consumption, based on the characteristics of the original gut microbiota, the patients were grouped according to the similarity of their gut microbiota before the intervention; Firmicutes-rich Group 1 (n = 5), Actinobacteria-rich Group 2 (n = 4), and Proteobacteria-rich Group 3 (n = 1). The CAS decreased in Groups 1 and 2. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium showed an increasing tendency both overall and in Group 1, but it was originally higher in Group 2. Our results suggest that malted rice amazake consumption reduces constipation symptoms and simultaneously changes the gut microbiota, but the changes may vary depending on the original composition of the gut microbiota.

A closed-loop approach to the study of the baroreflex dynamics during posture changes at rest and at exercise in humans

We hypothesized that during rapid up-tilting at rest, due to vagal withdrawal, arterial baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) may decrease promptly and precede the operating point (OP) resetting, whereas different kinetics are expected during exercise steady state, due to lower vagal activity than at rest. To test this, eleven subjects were rapidly (< 2s) tilted from supine (S) to upright (U) and vice versa every 3 minutes, at rest and during steady state 50W pedaling. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured by finger cuff (Portapres) and R-to-R interval (RRi) by electrocardiography. BRS was computed with the sequence method both during steady and unsteady states. At rest, BRS was 35.1ms∙mmHg-1 (SD17.1) in S and 16.7ms∙mmHg-1 (SD6.4) in U (p<0.01), RRi was 901ms (SD118) in S and 749ms (SD98) in U (p<0.01), and MAP was 76mmHg (SD11) in S and 83mmHg (SD8) in U (p<0.01). During up-tilt, BRS decreased promptly [first BRS sequence was 19.7ms∙mmHg-1 (SD5.0)] and was followed by an OP resetting (MAP increase without changes in RRi). At exercise, BRS and OP did not differ between supine and upright positions [respectively, BRS was 7.7ms∙mmHg-1 (SD3.0) and 7.7ms∙mmHg-1 (SD3.5), MAP was 85mmHg (SD13) and 88mmHg (SD10), and RRi was 622ms (SD61) and 600ms (SD70)]. The results support the tested hypothesis. The prompt BRS decrease during up-tilt at rest may be ascribed to a vagal withdrawal, similarly to what occurs at exercise onset. The OP resetting may be due to a slower control mechanism, possibly an increase in sympathetic activity.

Location Planning of Field Ammunition Depot for Multi-stage Supply Based on Dijstra Algorithm

The location of field ammunition depots is related to the efficiency and effectiveness of ammunition supply and support, and is affected by the changing needs of different stages of operations. In response to complex situations such as damage to transportation roads, repairs, and dynamic changes in demand in the course of combat, the fastest supply speed is the primary goal, while the satisfaction rate, balance, and cost factors of the ammunition supply at each demand point are taken into account to build a multi-stage supply Site selection planning model for field ammunition depot. Use Dijstra algorithm’s hierarchical sequence method to determine the shortest supply time, gradually increase the supply time, find the relationship between supply time, satisfaction rate, balance and cost, and find a satisfactory location plan. Finally, the simulation case calculations show that the model can cover some key dynamic changes during wartime, with strong adaptability and more scientific site selection.