THE PERIVASCULAR NERVE-PLEXUS OF HUMAN CEREBRAL ARTERIES IN VASCULAR DISEASE

Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry was used in rats to investigate whether the ganglia in the cavernous sinus contribute to cerebrovascular innervation. The cavernous sinus ganglia in rat include the cavernous part of the pterygopalatine ganglion (PGC) and small cavernous ganglia (CG). The tracers, fluorogold and fast blue, were applied to the middle cerebral artery in eight rats. After 1 to 4 days, the cavernous sinuses were dissected out and studied as whole mount preparations and sections. A moderate number of labeled neurons were visible in the ipsilateral PGC and CG. Furthermore, fibers in the cavernous nerve plexus and abducens nerve were labeled, suggesting that the pathway from the cavernous sinus ganglia to the cerebral arteries runs through the cavernous plexus and then retrogradely along the abducens nerve to the internal carotid artery. Selected sections were immunohistochemically stained for the cholinergic marker, vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Most cells in the PGC and CG were VAChT-immunoreactive, some of which also contained tracer. It is concluded that in rat, the cavernous sinus ganglia, consisting of the PGC and small CG, contribute to parasympathetic cerebrovascular innervation and that the cavernous nerve plexus and abducens nerve are involved in the pathway from these ganglia to the cerebral arteries.

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The lateral sellar nerve plexus and its connections in humans

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2001.95.1.0102 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 102-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Ronald L. A. W. Bleys ◽

Luuk M. Janssen ◽

Gerbrand J. Groen

Keyword(s):

Internal Carotid ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Frontal Plane ◽

Nerve Plexus ◽

Lateral Extension ◽

Content Type ◽

Pterygopalatine Ganglion ◽

Abducent Nerve ◽

Fine Print ◽

Mixed Nerve

Object. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the systematic topography of the lateral sellar (cavernous sinus [CS]) nerve plexus and its connections in humans. Methods. Seven specimens of human CS and adjacent regions were dissected in steps and stained as whole-mount preparations by using a sensitive acetylcholinesterase method. Another specimen was frozen, cut on a frontal plane, and stained for acetylcholinesterase. The human CS contains an extensive nerve plexus with small ganglia. The plexus is composed of a main part, the lateral sellar plexus proper, which is located around the abducent nerve and medial to the ophthalmic nerve, and a lateral extension just underneath the outermost layer of the lateral CS wall, which is located lateral to the trochlear and ophthalmic nerves. The lateral sellar plexus is connected to the internal carotid nerve, the pterygopalatine ganglion, and the trigeminal ganglion. From the lateral sellar plexus, nerve branches run along the oculomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic, and abducent nerves into the orbit. In addition, the lateral sellar plexus has multiple connections with nerves located around the internal carotid artery. The presence of connections between the lateral sellar plexus and functionally defined neural structures suggests that the plexus receives sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory contributions. Conclusions. The plexus may distribute nerve subpopulations to several targets, including cerebral arteries and orbital structures. The presence of a mixed nerve plexus that projects to a variety of targets indicates that injury or disease in the CS may result in a variety of symptoms.

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Study of 89 Cases of Peripheral Vascular Disease by CT Angiography

Cardiovascular Journal ◽

10.3329/cardio.v3i2.9185 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 155-162

Author(s):

M Faruque ◽

AEMM Islam ◽

S Haque ◽

MT Islam ◽

MG Kibria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular Disease ◽

Peripheral Vascular Disease ◽

Ct Angiography ◽

Venous Malformation ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Maximum Intensity Projection ◽

Peripheral Vascular ◽

Morphological Pattern ◽

Noninvasive Technique ◽

Ct Angiogram

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the morphological pattern by CT angiography and risk factors for development of peripheral vascular disease in Bangladeshi patient suffering from peripheral vascular disease using a multidetector scanner in the evaluation of patients with peripheral vascular disease. Subject and Method: Eighty nine patients with peripheral vascular disease who were referred for evaluation of peripheral vascular disease underwent CT angiography. We scanned patients from the level of the cerebral arteries to the pedal arteries in a single helical scan. CT angiograms were produced using maximum-intensity-projection, multiplanous reformation and reconstructions. Findings were graded according to nine categories: 1, normal (0% stenosis); 2, mild (1-49% stenosis); 3, moderate (50-74% stenosis); 4, severe (>75% stenosis); 5, tortuosity; 6, aneurysm, 7, calcification, 8, Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and 9, haematoma. Results: We found Most of the patients in our study were male (69 out of 89 patients). The mean age was 54.49 ±18.36 in male and 49.45 ±17.89 for female. Commonest risk factor in our study was hypertension 46.1%, followed by diabetes 30.3%, family history 27% smoking 23.6%, dyslipidaemia13.5%. Stenosis (5.61%) was the predominate lesion followed by haematoma (4.49%), Arterio –venous malformation (4.49%). Abdominal aorta was mostly affected in the studied population (58.43%) followed by Lower limb (37.08%), Carotid (22.47%), Renal (7.87%) and Upper limb arteries (4.49%). Conclusion: CT angiography is a noninvasive technique for the imaging of peripheral vascular disease. Since no data is available from a well designed study in PVD in our country, till then the data obtained from this study can be used in Bangladesh. Key words: CT angiogram; Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v3i2.9185 Cardiovasc. J. 2011; 3(2): 155-162

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Neuroradiological Analysis of 23 Cases of Basilar Artery Fenestration Based on 2280 Cases of MR Angiographies

Interventional Neuroradiology ◽

10.1177/15910199060120s103 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1_suppl) ◽

pp. 39-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M. Tanaka ◽

Y. Kikuchi ◽

T. Ouchi

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Intracranial Aneurysm ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Basilar Artery ◽

Mr Angiography ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Anterior Circulation ◽

Saccular Aneurysms

Basilar artery (BA) fenestrations are the most frequently observed variant of the cerebral arteries. We examined the magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic incidence, location, characteristic configuration of BA fenestration and associated vascular disease. From April 2004 to September 2004, a total of 2280 cranial MR angiographies were performed at our institution. Twenty-three BA fenestrations (1.0%) were detected on MRA. There were 13 males and ten females in this group and mean age was 57.6 years old. Three cases of these fenestration group are suffered with atherothrombic infarction in the territory of vertebro-basilar system. Seven of 23 cases (30%) were associated with intracranial aneurysm. Of those four cases, aneurysms were located at anterior circulation. Of those three cases, the aneurysms were associated with BA fenestration. Since saccular aneurysms are reported to arise frequently at BA fenestration, knowledge and recognition of fenestration are useful and important in the interpretation of cerebral MR angiography.

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Intracerebral schwannoma

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.1972.36.6.0795 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 795-797 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Paul F. J. New

Keyword(s):

Schwann Cells ◽

Rare Case ◽

Parietal Lobe ◽

Nerve Plexus ◽

Content Type ◽

Perivascular Nerve Plexus ◽

Fine Print

✓ A rare case of schwannoma occurring in the parietal lobe of an 8-year-old boy has been described. While the precise origin of such an unusually situated schwannoma remains uncertain, it appears most likely that the origin was from ectopic or perivascular nerve plexus Schwann cells within the parietal lobe.

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Abstract T P419: Pathological Arterial Wall Correlates of Lumen-based Remodeling: Results From the Brain Arterial Remodeling Study

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.tp419 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Jose Gutierrez ◽

Mitchell S Elkind ◽

James Goldman ◽

Lawrence Honig ◽

Susan Morgello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular Disease ◽

Arterial Wall ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Internal Elastic Lamina ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Luminal Stenosis ◽

The Media ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain ◽

Elastic Lamina

Background: There is paucity of data about arterial wall characteristics of the smallest and largest caliber cerebral vessels. Determining the relationship between the lumen and the wall might shed new insights into cerebral artery remodeling. Objective: To test the hypotheses that arteries with larger luminal diameters have a thinner wall and that arteries with the smallest lumina have thicker walls. Methods: Cross-sectional segments from large arteries (N=1392) were obtained from the circle of Willis in 196 autopsied brains (mean age 55 ± 17 yrs, 39% with hypertension, 15% with diabetes and 20% with dyslipidemia). Lumen diameter, stenosis percentage, and thicknesses of intima, media, and adventitia were calculated in digital microphotography after staining. Atheromas and internal elastic lamina (IEL) disruption were rated visually. Arteries were categorized into the top 5% (“dilated”) and bottom 5% (“narrowed”) of the luminal diameters, as well as an intermediate category (90% of sample as reference). We used logistic regression to obtain the odds of association (OR, 95% CI) after adjusting for demographic and vascular variables. Results: Narrowed arteries were more frequently found in men (OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.3-5.9) and with dyslipidemia (4.2, 1.6-11.1) while dilated arteries were more frequently found in women (5.6, 2.2-14.0), in smokers (2.6, 1.0-6.5) and those with prior MI (7.7, 1.2-48.7). Narrowed arteries were more likely to have atheromas (20.8, 4.8-90.3), greater luminal stenosis (per %, 1.1, 1.1-1.2), thicker vessel walls (1.3, 1.2-1.4), but thinner medias (0.9, 0.8-1.0). Conversely, larger arteries exhibited less IEL disruption (0.3, 0.1-0.9), atheromas (0.34, 0.1-0.9) and stenosis (0.8, 0.8-0.9), their walls were thinner (0.8, 0.8-0.9) but the media was thicker (1.1, 1.1-1.2). Conclusions: Narrowed cerebral arteries were more likely to have atheromas while dilated arteries had thinner walls and were more frequent in subjects with prior MI. These findings suggest that both extremes of the arterial spectrum might be differentially related with vascular disease, underscoring the need to revisit whether standard preventive measures for vascular disease are equally effective in patients harboring such disparate arterial phenotypes.

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Abstract WP426: Rock2-mediated Cerebrovascular Dysfunction During Aging

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.48.suppl_1.wp426 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Travice M De Silva ◽

Mary Modrick ◽

Frank M Faraci

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Function ◽

Vascular Disease ◽

Genetic Background ◽

Small Vessel Disease ◽

Cerebral Arteries ◽

Vascular Aging ◽

Similar Reduction ◽

Cerebrovascular Dysfunction ◽

Basilar Arteries ◽

Old Mice

The pathophysiological changes that occur during vascular aging fundamentally contribute to large and small vessel disease. Despite the importance of such changes for stroke and cognitive dysfunction, mechanisms that underlie vascular aging remain very poorly defined. As a result, no specific therapies exist at present. Because loss of endothelial health is a cornerstone event in the progression of vascular disease, we explored mechanisms that underlie vascular changes with aging, testing the hypothesis that Rho kinase (ROCK) plays an important role. In C57Bl/6J mice, baseline diameter of isolated parenchymal arterioles were similar in both adult (4-5 mo of age) and old mice (22±1 mo) (15±1 microns). Endothelium-dependent dilation was significantly impaired in old mice compared to adult controls, but in a pathway-specific manner. Vasodilation mediated by endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization was intact while eNOS-mediated responses were reduced by approximately 50% (P<0.05). A similar reduction in eNOS-dependent endothelial function was present in isolated basilar arteries. Inhibition of both ROCK1 and ROCK2 isoforms with Y-27632 or ROCK2 only with SLX-2119, restored endothelial function in old mice. An inhibitor of NO synthase reversed this protective effect, demonstrating that inhibition of ROCK2 restored NO-mediated signaling during aging. Because genetic background is a determinant of vascular disease, we performed similar studies using FVB/NJ mice. Like the C57Bl/6J mice, FVB/NJ mice exhibited endothelial dysfunction with aging that was reversed by inhibition of ROCK2. Thus, aging impairs endothelial function in both cerebral arteries and the smallest parenchymal arterioles via effects on select pathways. Vascular aging and the underlying mechanisms are not limited to one genetic background. These studies provide the first evidence that ROCK2 is a key contributor to cerebrovascular dysfunction with aging.

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