Smart Bio-Impedance-Based Sensor for Guiding Standard Needle Insertion

A venipuncture is the most common non-invasive medical procedure, and is frequently used with patients; however, a high probability of post-injection complications accompanies intravenous injection. The most common complication is a hematoma, which is associated with puncture of the uppermost and lowermost walls. To simplify and reduce complications of the venipuncture procedure, and as well as automation of this process, a device that can provide information of the needle tip position into patient’s tissues needs to be developed. This paper presents a peripheral vascular puncture control system based on electrical impedance measurements. A special electrode system was designed to achieve the maximum sensitivity for puncture identification using a traditional needle, which is usually used in clinical practice. An experimental study on subjects showed that the electrical impedance signal changed significantly once the standard needle entered the blood vessel. On basis of theoretical and experimental studies, a decision rule of puncture identification based on the analysis of amplitude-time parameters of experimental signals was proposed. The proposed method was tested on 15 test and 9 control samples, with the results showing that 97% accuracy was obtained.

THE PROS AND CONS OF CO2 CT ANGIOGRAPHY VERSUS CONVENTIONAL CONTRAST ENHANCED CT ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE TREATMENT OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR OCCLUSIONS

Over the past two decades, the field of vascular surgery has experienced tremendous advances in technique and technology. After the description of vascular anastomosis by Dr. Alexis Carrel almost one hundred years ago, the subsequent years were slowly crowned by the differentiation of general and vascular surgeons (Friedman 2016). Notably, surgeons were able to distinguish themselves by developing and acquiring techniques that are specific to operations in vascular surgery. This type of surgery involves diseases associated with the vascular system, which specifically includes the arteries, veins, and the lymphatic structure. Thus, vascular surgery provides treatment for diseases associated with the veins and arteries and is used in cases where less invasive methods cannot be incorporated (Reis and Roever 2017). Importantly, vascular diseases arise from damaged vessels or the presence of inflammations or blood clots leading to the occurrence of illnesses like peripheral vascular disease or peripheral arterial disease (PAD) that is occlusive in nature. Notably, vascular occlusion can be defined as the blockage of blood vessels due to the growth of an abnormality or the accumulation of fat or calcium in the inner lining of the venous structure. Occlusion is a common characteristic of PAD where the diameter of the blood vessels narrows considerably (Rotzinger, Lu, Kawkabani, Marques-Vidal, Fetz and Qanadli 2020). Another good example of peripheral vascular occlusion arises from atherosclerosis. This is an occlusive disease where the arteries harden due to fat or calcium, leading to the narrowing of the internal diameter of the vessels (Rotzinger et al. 2020). Over time, this diameter narrows greatly resulting in the formation of clots that restrict the supply of blood to the entire area past the blockage, leading to the development of PVD/PAD.

Multi-Channel Bioimpedance System for Detecting Vascular Tone in Human Limbs: An Approach

Vascular tone plays a vital role in regulating blood pressure and coronary circulation, and it determines the peripheral vascular resistance. Vascular tone is dually regulated by the perivascular nerves and the cells in the inside lining of blood vessels (endothelial cells). Only a few methods for measuring vascular tone are available. Because of this, determining vascular tone in different arteries of the human body and monitoring tone changes is a vital challenge. This work presents an approach for determining vascular tone in human extremities based on multi-channel bioimpedance measurements. Detailed steps for processing the bioimpedance signals and extracting the main parameters from them have been presented. A graphical interface has been designed and implemented to display the vascular tone type in all channels with the phase of breathing during each cardiac cycle. This study is a key step towards understanding the way vascular tone changes in the extremities and how the nervous system regulates these changes. Future studies based on records of healthy and diseased people will contribute to increasing the possibility of early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.

ANTAGONISM IN SYSTEM REGULATION ARTERIAL PRESSURE And ITS CHANGE after THERAPY NICERGOLINE

By the method of fractional trends, when analyzing the dynamic series of blood pressure (АД), an antagonism between the cardiac output block (CB) and the peripheral vascular resistance block (СПС) was revealed in the patient, after 12 weeks of nicergoline therapy, at the 1-3 hierarchical level of systemic regulation. At the subordinate 4-6 levels of the hierarchy, the phenomenon of antagonism was also revealed. When regulating systolic (САД) and diastolic (ДАД) blood pressure, this method revealed that nicergoline has a greater effect on the regulation of ДАД.