A real-world, cross sectional study of oral lesions and their association with CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load in Yunnan, China

Background. Analytical variability in CD4 enumeration is well known, but few studies from southern Africa have quantified the inter- and intra-laboratory variability in CD4 count measurements. In addition, the possible impact of time lapse after sample collection on CD4 reliability is not well understood. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation Hospital and three laboratories, Lab A (comparator), Lab B (national reference) and Lab C (rural hospital). Blood from HIV-infected individuals was collected using routine venepuncture into separate specimens for each of the three laboratories. The samples were further subdivided at each laboratory: one was run at 12 hours and the second at 24 hours after venepuncture. The results of absolute CD4 count and CD4 percentage testing were compared within (intra-laboratory) and between (inter-laboratory) laboratories. Results. Among 53 participants, the mean CD4 count at 12 hours was 373 cells/μl, 396 cells/μl and 439 cells/μl, and at 24 hours 359 cells/μl, 389 cells/ μl and 431 cells/μl, for laboratories A, B and C, respectively. The coefficient of intra-laboratory variation was 4%, 8% and 20% for CD4 count for laboratories A, B and C, respectively. Comparing 12- and 24-hour measurements, the mean difference (bias) within the laboratories between the two time points (and limits of agreement, LOAs) was 14 (-46 to 73), 8 (-161 to 177) and 7 (20 to 33) cells/μl for labs A, B and C, respectively. Comparing Lab A versus Lab B, lab A versus Lab C and Lab B versus Lab C, the inter-laboratory bias for the CD4 count at 12 hours was -32, -64 and -38 cells/μl, respectively. The corresponding LOAs were -213 to 150, -183 to 55, and -300 to 224, respectively. At 24 hours, the biases and LOAs were similar to those at 12 hours. Conclusions. CD4 counts appeared reliable at all three laboratories. Lab B and Lab C were clinically interchangeable with the comparator laboratory, Lab A, but not between themselves. Time to measurement does not affect the interlaboratory agreement within 12 and 24 hours. S Afr J HIV Med 2012;13(2):59-63.

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Association between Sex, CD4 Cell Counts, Antiretroviral Medications, and Olfactory and Gustatory Functions of HIV-Infected Adults

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1177/0194599817733664 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 158 (1) ◽

pp. 90-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ayotunde James Fasunla ◽

Ukamaka Nwankwo ◽

Ayodeji Matthew Adebayo ◽

Onyekwere George Nwaorgu

Keyword(s):

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Clinical Information ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cd4 Cell Count ◽

Viral Loads ◽

Highly Active ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell

Objective To investigate the olfactory and gustatory functions of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults in Ibadan, Nigeria. Study Design A cross-sectional study of olfactory and gustatory functions of HIV-infected adults between March 2015 and December 2015. Setting Tertiary health institution. Subjects and Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to participants to obtain relevant sociodemographic and clinical information. Participants’ nadir and most recent CD4 cell count and viral loads were obtained from their medical records. Participants’ body mass indices were determined, and each subjectively rated their olfactory and gustatory performances. Objective olfactory and gustatory functions were determined using validated “Sniffin’ Sticks” and “Taste Strips” impregnated with 4 different concentrations of sucrose, quinine hydrochloride, sodium chloride, and citric acid. Results In total, 135 HIV-infected adults, comprising 41 (30.4%) men and 94 (69.6%) women, were evaluated. Their ages ranged from 20 to 70 years, mean 43.4 ± 10.4 years. Participants were on highly active antiretroviral therapy for a mean duration of 75.8 ± 36.9 months. The proportions of male participants in HIV stages 1, 2, and 3 were 18 (43.9%), 19 (46.3%), and 4 (9.8%), respectively, while female participants were 46 (48.9%), 41 (43.6%), and 7 (7.4%), respectively. Participants’ mean olfactory threshold, discrimination, identification, and TDI scores were 8.0 ± 4.9, 9.9 ± 4.7, 8.8 ± 4.5, and 26.7 ± 11.1, respectively, while total taste score was 25.1 ± 5.7. Conclusion HIV-infected adults have tendency to develop hyposmia and hypogeusia. These are worse with advanced stage of HIV infection.

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Impact of Syphilis Infection on HIV Viral Load and CD4 Cell Counts in HIV-Infected Patients

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ◽

10.1097/qai.0b013e31802ea4c6 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 356-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Rosario Palacios ◽

Francisco Jim??nez-O??ate ◽

Manuela Aguilar ◽

Ma Jos?? Galindo ◽

Pablo Rivas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Syphilis Infection ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell

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CMVR diagnoses and progression of CD4 cell counts and HIV viral load measurements in HIV patients on HAART

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjo.85.7.837 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 837-841 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. J Zambarakji

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell

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HIV viral load levels and CD4+ cell counts of youth in 14 cities

AIDS ◽

10.1097/qad.0000000000000183 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (8) ◽

pp. 1213-1219 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jonathan M. Ellen ◽

Bill Kapogiannis ◽

J. Dennis Fortenberry ◽

Jiahong Xu ◽

Nancy Willard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell

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HIV Infection and the Risk of World Health Organization–Defined Sudden Cardiac Death

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.121.021268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (18) ◽

Author(s):

Matthew S. Freiberg ◽

Meredith S. Duncan ◽

Charles Alcorn ◽

Chung‐Chou H. Chang ◽

Suman Kundu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Load ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

World Health ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Hiv Viral Load ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Cd4 Cell Counts ◽

Health Organization ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Cd4 Cell

Background People living with HIV have higher sudden cardiac death (SCD) rates compared with the general population. Whether HIV infection is an independent SCD risk factor is unclear. Methods and Results This study evaluated participants from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, an observational, longitudinal cohort of veterans with and without HIV infection matched 1:2 on age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinical site. Baseline for this study was a participant's first clinical visit on or after April 1, 2003. Participants were followed through December 31, 2014. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we assessed whether HIV infection, CD4 cell counts, and/or HIV viral load were associated with World Health Organization (WHO)–defined SCD risk. Among 144 336 participants (30% people living with HIV), the mean (SD) baseline age was 50.0 years (10.6 years), 97% were men, and 47% were of Black race. During follow‐up (median, 9.0 years), 3035 SCDs occurred. HIV infection was associated with increased SCD risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04–1.25), adjusting for possible confounders. In analyses with time‐varying CD4 and HIV viral load, people living with HIV with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm 3 (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.28–1.92) or viral load >500 copies/mL (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.46–1.98) had increased SCD risk versus veterans without HIV. In contrast, people living with HIV who had CD4 cell counts >500 cells/mm 3 (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.90–1.18) or HIV viral load <500 copies/mL (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.87–1.09) were not at increased SCD risk. Conclusions HIV infection is associated with increased risk of WHO‐defined SCD among those with elevated HIV viral load or low CD4 cell counts.

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