Classification and Clinical Treatments for Unfavorable Fractures of the Proximal Segment in Sagittal Spilt Ramus Osteotomy

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Jiang ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Ruiye Bi ◽  
Guomin Wu ◽  
Songsong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Segment

Image averaging of flexible fibrous macromolecules: The clathrin triskelion has an elastic proximal segment

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
E KOCSIS ◽  
B TRUS ◽  
C STEER ◽  
M BISHER ◽  
A STEVEN
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Segment ◽  
Image Averaging

Posteroventral pallidotomy for midbrain tremor after a pontine hemorrhage

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 885-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Miyagi ◽  
Fumio Shima ◽  
Katsuya Ishido ◽  
Masashi Moriguchi ◽  
Kazufumi Kamikaseda
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Upper Extremities ◽  
Proximal Segment ◽  
Action Tremor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pontine Hemorrhage ◽  
Posteroventral Pallidotomy ◽  
Left Thalamus ◽  
Midbrain Tremor

✓ This 49-year-old man gradually developed a disabling action tremor in the proximal right upper extremity 8 months after suffering a pontine tegmental hemorrhage. The intraoperative microrecording in the nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) of the left thalamus revealed tremor-synchronous grouped discharges with a vigorous (2.7 Hz) action tremor predominantly in the shoulder and upper arm. High frequency electrical stimulation in the VIM did not affect the tremor. A posteroventral pallidotomy (PVP) was performed and resulted in the successful alleviation of all tremor activity. Posteroventral pallidotomy is known to alleviate parkinsonian tremors, especially those occurring in the contralateral lower extremity, trunk, and proximal segment of the contralateral upper extremity. The authors consider the pallidoreticular pathway to be an important tremor-mediating pathway for the proximal segment of the upper extremities and believe it can be controlled more effectively by PVP than by VIM thalamotomy, as demonstrated by the PVP-induced resolution of the midbrain tremor observed in this case.

Oxidation of glucose carbon entering the TCA cycle is reduced by glutamine in small intestine epithelial cells

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (6) ◽  
pp. G879-G888 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Kight ◽  
S. E. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Proximal Segment ◽  
Distal Small Intestine ◽  
Glucose Carbon ◽  
The Tca Cycle ◽  
Oxidation Of Glucose ◽  
In Cells

The influence of glutamine on glucose oxidation was assessed in epithelial cells isolated from the mucosa of the proximal, mid-, and distal small intestine of young, fed, male rats. Glucose oxidation declined along the length of the small intestine, with values from the mid- and distal segments representing approximately 55% and 40%, respectively, of the value from the proximal segment. A gradient along the small intestine was noted also in the influence of glutamine on glucose oxidation: glutamine suppressed glucose oxidation approximately 60% in the proximal small intestine, 39% in the mid-intestine, and 31% in the distal small intestine. Glutamine suppressed the oxidation of glucose carbon that entered the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle; this was determined using CO2 ratios derived from acetate and glucose isotopes. In cells from the proximal segment, the probability that carbon entering the cycle would complete one full turn was reduced by glutamine from 0.77 to 0.28. The entry of glucose-derived pyruvate into the TCA cycle did not appear to be influenced by the presence of glutamine, however. Glutamine had no influence on the proportion of glucose metabolism that occurred via the pentose phosphate pathway (which averaged 5% or less), but reduced flux of carbon through pyruvate carboxylase relative to flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase from 40% to 9% in cells from the proximal segment. These data suggest that, in the presence of glutamine, the fate of pyruvate carbon (derived from glucose or elsewhere) entering the TCA cycle is altered from that of oxidation to anaplerosis and subsequent efflux of TCA cycle intermediates into newly synthesized compounds.

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