scholarly journals Birds bias offspring sex ratio in response to livestock grazing

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 958-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina L. Prior ◽  
Darren M. Evans ◽  
Stephen Redpath ◽  
Simon J. Thirgood ◽  
Pat Monaghan

Livestock grazing, which has a large influence on habitat structure, is associated with the widespread decline of various bird species across the world, yet there are few experimental studies that investigate how grazing pressure influences avian reproduction. We manipulated grazing pressure using a replicated field experiment, and found that the offspring sex ratio of a common upland passerine, the meadow pipit Anthus pratensis , varied significantly between grazing treatments. The proportion of sons was lowest in the ungrazed and intensively grazed treatments and highest in treatments grazed at low intensity (by sheep, or a mixture of sheep and cattle). This response was not related to maternal body condition. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of avian reproductive biology to variation in local conditions, and support growing evidence that too much grazing, or the complete removal of livestock from upland areas, is detrimental for common breeding birds.

The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-308
Author(s):  
Elena C. Berg

Abstract Recent studies suggest that many bird species are able to vary the sex ratio of their young. Among cooperative breeders, in which adult helpers aid the genetic parents in the rearing of young, two models have been invoked to explain this variation. According to the local resource competition hypothesis, parents should bias offspring sex ratios toward the dispersing sex in order to minimize competition for local resources. In contrast, the local resource enhancement (or “production of helpers”) hypothesis states that parents should overproduce the nondispersing sex if the presence of relatives enhances reproductive success. I examined these models in a Costa Rican population of White-throated Magpie-Jays (Calocitta formosa), a cooperatively breeding corvid with female helpers. Using DNA microsatellite analysis, I sexed 135 offspring from 38 broods and 14 groups over 3 years. I tested for variation in offspring sex ratio at the population level and as a function of social group, helper number, breeding female, and season. Unlike studies of the Seychelles Warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis), one of the few other avian species with primarily female helpers, I found no evidence for systematic sex-ratio bias supporting either hypothesis. This suggests that female-biased helping is not a sufficient condition for the evolution of offspring sex-ratio biasing. Estudio del Sesgo en el Cociente de Sexos en Calocitta formosa, una Reproductora Cooperativa con Ayudantes Hembras Resumen. Estudios recientes sugieren que muchas especies de aves pueden hacer variar el cociente de sexos de sus crías. Se han utilizado dos modelos teóricos para explicar esta variación en las aves que se reproducen en forma cooperativa, en las cuales los adultos ayudan a los padres genéticos con el cuidado de sus crías. Según la hipótesis de competencia por recursos locales, los padres deben sesgar el cociente de sexos de su prole en favor del sexo que se dispersa con el fin de minimizar la competencia por los recursos locales. Por el contrario, según la hipótesis de incremento de recursos locales (o “producción de ayudantes”), los padres deben sobreproducir el sexo que no se dispersa si la presencia de parientes favorece el éxito reproductivo. Yo estudié estos modelos en una población costarricense de urracas (Calocitta formosa), un córvido de reproducción cooperativa con ayudantes hembras. Utilicé análisis de ADN microsatelital para averiguar el sexo de 135 crías provenientes de 38 nidadas y 14 grupos a lo largo de un período de tres años. Documenté las variaciones en el cociente de sexos de las crías a nivel poblacional y como función del grupo social, la cantidad de ayudantes, la hembra reproductiva y la estación del año. A diferencia de lo encontrado para el caso de Acrocephalus sechellensis, una de las pocas especies de aves con ayudantes principalmente hembras, no encontré indicios de sesgo sistemático en el cociente de sexos que avalara ninguna de las dos hipótesis. Esto sugiere que la ayuda por parte de las hembras no constituye una condición que determine la evolución de un sesgo en el cociente de sexos de las crías.


2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernt-Erik Sæther ◽  
Erling J. Solberg ◽  
Morten Heim ◽  
John E. Stacy ◽  
Kjetill S. Jakobsen ◽  
...  

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M O M Chelini ◽  
N L Souza ◽  
E Otta

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1891) ◽  
pp. 20181251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Wishart ◽  
Cory T. Williams ◽  
Andrew G. McAdam ◽  
Stan Boutin ◽  
Ben Dantzer ◽  
...  

Fisher's principle explains that population sex ratio in sexually reproducing organisms is maintained at 1 : 1 owing to negative frequency-dependent selection, such that individuals of the rare sex realize greater reproductive opportunity than individuals of the more common sex until equilibrium is reached. If biasing offspring sex ratio towards the rare sex is adaptive, individuals that do so should have more grandoffspring. In a wild population of North American red squirrels ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) that experiences fluctuations in resource abundance and population density, we show that overall across 26 years, the secondary sex ratio was 1 : 1; however, stretches of years during which adult sex ratio was biased did not yield offspring sex ratios biased towards the rare sex. Females that had litters biased towards the rare sex did not have more grandoffspring. Critically, the adult sex ratio was not temporally autocorrelated across years, thus the population sex ratio experienced by parents was independent of the population sex ratio experienced by their offspring at their primiparity. Expected fitness benefits of biasing offspring sex ratio may be masked or negated by fluctuating environments across years, which limit the predictive value of the current sex ratio.


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