The iridescent cuticle of certain Rutelino scarab beetles, which is a form optically active and selectively reflects circularly polarized light, incorporates an NH
4
OH -extractable component The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of this component, together with its chromatographic and refractive properties, identify it as uric acid (2,6,8-trihydroxypurine). All species of
Plusiotis
examined have uric acid in their reflecting layers, as do several species of
Anoplognathus.
Plusiotis
resplendens
has a reflecting layer with a uric acid volume fraction of 0.7, P . optima a volume fraction of 0.6. The reflecting layer of P .
resplenden
s has an anticlockwise helicoidal architecture, the optical thickness of the helicoidal p itch being such that it constructively interferes with visible light wavelengths. An anticlockwise helicoid constructively interferes with only the
left
circularly polarized component of incident light, right circularly polarized light being transmitted without attenuation. P.
resplendens
has a 1.8 /xm thick unidirectional layer embedded within the helicoid which functions as a perfect halfwave retardation plate for wavelength 590 nm . This halfwave plate enables the helicoidal reflector in this species to reflect both left and right circularly polarized components of incident light. After passing through the halfwave plate, transmitted right circularly polarized light becomes left circularly polarized ; this light is now reflected and emerges from the cuticle right circularly polarized, after passing back through the halfwave plate. Consequently the total reflectivity of circularly polarized incident light is greater in P.
resplendens
than in any other species examined; the plate also reduces multiple internal reflexions. Interferometric analysis of the refractive properties of the helicoidal reflectors in species of
Plusiotis
showed that the ordered incorporation of uric acid increases the birefringence of the system by a factor of five times, e.g. the in tact birefringence of the unidirectional layer of P .
resplendens
is 0.166 at wavelength 560 nm ; after uric acid extraction the birefringence is reduced to 0.034. As the coefficient of reflexion of a helicoidal reflector is directly proportional to the birefringence of the individual planes comprising the helicoid, beetles incorporating uric acid into their reflecting surfaces reflect circularly polarized light far more efficiently than beetles lacking uric acid. Refractive index values for a single multicomponent plane of the helicoid have been summarized as a biaxial indicatrix, with the Z axis tilte dat 45° to the plane of the epicuticle. Beetle reflecting layers which incorporate uric acid have twenty times greater optical rotatory power compared with reflecting layers lacking this component. Mathematical treatments dealing with helicoidal reflectors predict the form optical rotatory power to be a function of the square of the birefringence, which is in agreement with the experimental observations. To enable uric acid to have the optical effects mentioned above, an epitaxial incorporation into the helicoidal framework is necessary. Although uric acid is a common cytoplasmic reflecting material in arthropods, this is the first record of its presence in an extracellular (cuticular) reflector.
Experimental degradation of helicoidal photonic nanostructures in scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): implications for the identification of circularly polarizing cuticle in the fossil record
